Spectroscopic measurements of atmospheric composition and evolution for an improved understanding of air quality and climate change

大气成分和演变的光谱测量，以更好地了解空气质量和气候变化

• 批准号: RGPIN-2014-03888
• 负责人: Wiacek, Aldona
• 金额: $ 2.11万
• 依托单位: Saint Mary's University
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2016-01-01 至 2017-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=610703
• 关键词: Spectroscopic; measurements; atmospheric; composition; evolution

Air quality and climate change are pressing health and environmental issues with growing economic consequences. Both provincial and federal governments have enacted legislation to 1) limit the concentration of human-emitted atmospheric trace gases that affect air quality and 2) reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. The problems of air quality and climate change are connected by 1) common emission sources of trace gases in energy production, transportation, heating and cooking combustion, agriculture and industry, 2) the fact that many gases involved in photochemical smog production, such as volatile organic compounds and ozone, are powerful greenhouse gases themselves, 3) changing chemical reaction rates for smog production due to a changing climate, and 4) changing meteorological conditions affecting the dispersion, transport and washout of air pollution due to a changing climate. This complexity requires the ongoing and expanded acquisition of high-quality data sets of atmospheric composition in order to test and improve the understanding of atmospheric chemical and dynamical processes implemented in forecasting models of air quality, weather and climate. My newly established research program meets this need while addressing one of four strategic research areas of the Government of Canada (“Environmental Science and Technologies”) as well as three programs ("Weather and Environmental Services”, “Climate Change and Clean Air”, “Compliance Promotion and Enforcement – Pollution”) satisfying two strategic outcomes of Environment Canada (Informed decisions on changing weather and climate, Minimizing threats from pollution). It will significantly expand the Halifax and Atlantic Canada measurement capability of atmospheric trace gases relevant to air quality and climate change through the establishment of the Tropospheric Remote Sensing Laboratory at Saint Mary’s University. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques the following long-term research goals will be met: 1. Characterizing and understanding atmospheric processes, composition, variation, and long-term change; 2. Assessing the effectiveness of air quality policies and regulations in the context of long-range (trans-boundary) pollution transport and climate change; 3. Assessing the effectiveness of greenhouse gas emission reduction targets in the context of a changing economy; 4. Challenging air quality models and satellite observations with precise, accurate, temporally dense and spatially diverse observations of near-surface trace gas concentrations and emissions. In the short-term, continuous and high temporal resolution measurements of a broad suite of volatile organic compounds, ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide and other trace gases relevant to air quality and the greenhouse effect will be made, characterizing stationary and mobile individual sources (ship plumes, stacks), line emission sources (roads) and diffuse sources (crop fields, fuel wood combustion). These data will be correlated with the Air Quality Health Index public advisory tool as well as information available on morbidity (disease) and mortality rates attributed to poor air quality episodes. The aim of the comparison is to improve the Index, which best serves our most vulnerable populations of children, seniors and the ill. Finally, data gathered will also be used to inform local and regional regulations, such as Air Quality Regulations and Greenhouse Gas Regulations in the Nova Scotia Environment Act. This will help ensure that Canadian governments are enacting reductions in atmospheric pollutants that lead to the greatest health benefits with the smallest economic impacts possible under the circumstances.

空气质量和气候变化是迫在眉睫的健康和环境问题，带来的经济后果越来越大。各省和联邦政府都颁布了立法，以1)限制人类排放的影响空气质量的大气微量气体的浓度，2)减少导致气候变化的温室气体的排放。空气质量和气候变化问题与1)能源生产、运输、供暖和烹饪燃烧、农业和工业中常见的微量气体排放源有关，2)涉及光化学烟雾产生的许多气体，如挥发性有机化合物和臭氧本身就是强大的温室气体，3)由于气候变化而改变烟雾产生的化学反应速率，以及4)由于气候变化而影响空气污染扩散、运输和冲刷的气象条件变化。这种复杂性要求不断和扩大获取高质量的大气成分数据集，以便测试和改进对空气质量、天气和气候预报模型中实施的大气化学和动力过程的了解。 我的新设立的研究项目满足了这一需求，同时解决了加拿大政府四个战略研究领域之一(“环境科学与技术”)以及三个项目(“天气与环境服务”、“气候变化与清洁空气”、“合规促进与执法--污染”)，满足了加拿大环境部的两个战略成果(关于改变天气和气候的知情决定，将污染威胁降至最低)。它将通过在圣玛丽大学建立对流层遥感实验室，大大扩大哈利法克斯和加拿大大西洋地区测量与空气质量和气候变化有关的大气痕量气体的能力。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术，将实现以下长期研究目标： 1.描述和理解大气过程、组成、变化和长期变化； 2.在远距离(跨界)污染运输和气候变化的背景下评估空气质量政策和法规的有效性； 3.评估温室气体减排目标在不断变化的经济背景下的有效性； 4.挑战空气质量模型和卫星观测，对近地表微量气体浓度和排放进行精确、准确、时间密集和空间多样化的观测。 将对一系列挥发性有机化合物、臭氧、氮氧化物、硫氧化物、一氧化碳和其他与空气质量和温室效应有关的痕量气体进行短期、连续和高时间分辨率的测量，以确定固定和移动的单个源(船舶烟羽、烟囱)、线路排放源(道路)和漫射源(农作物田、薪柴燃烧)的特征。这些数据将与空气质量健康指数公共咨询工具以及关于空气质量不佳事件的发病率(疾病)和死亡率的现有信息相关联。比较的目的是改善指数，最好地服务于我们最脆弱的儿童、老年人和病人群体。最后，收集的数据还将用于为地方和地区法规提供信息，例如新斯科舍省环境法中的空气质量法规和温室气体法规。这将有助于确保加拿大政府正在制定减少大气污染物的法律，以在这种情况下以尽可能最小的经济影响实现最大的健康效益。