CRITICAL ISSUES TO ASSESS ROCK BLASTABILITY AS A FUNCTION OF GEOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND LOCAL CONDITIONS BASED ON TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER (LIDAR) SURVEYS AND NUMERICAL ANALYSES

随着我们的城市变得越来越密集和庞大，基础设施越来越多地建在地下的岩石中。同时，对矿产品的需求不断增加，需要进行大量的采矿作业，而且往往需要更深的挖掘和更大的足迹。岩石爆破是最快和最具成本效益的方法打破岩石挖掘的目的。在土木工程和采矿工程中，广泛使用通过装有炸药的钻孔进行的常规爆破，用于建造运输隧道、储存洞穴、竖井以及地表和地下矿山。需要用于优化岩石爆破的先进工具和技术，以进一步提高与民用和采矿基础设施相关的安全性、可靠性、效率和环境足迹的运营标准。良好的控制爆破实践对于确保安全的地面控制和工作条件、基础设施的长期稳定性以及减少炸药消耗至关重要。优化的喷砂设计还显著降低了下游粉碎和物料处理的能耗。岩石爆破是一个综合了热力学、化学、地震、地质工程和岩石力学的复杂过程。这种固有的复杂性导致了往往基于一般性观察的经验准则的制定。这些准则仍然适用，通常将地质介质和几何环境分为几个简单的组别，以帮助确定爆炸模式配置（孔间距;孔直径;炸药量）。在现实中，大量的影响因素提出了许多挑战，以评估当地的爆破要求，所以常用的方法往往无法提供最佳条件的岩石开采。这项研究计划提出了一些步骤，以提高我们对各种岩石中爆破过程的理解，并根据单孔爆破（SHB）测试和激光雷达测量开发可爆性指标。结果将用于量化爆破要求，同时考虑地质力学特性和操作条件。该研究计划侧重于三个主要方向：遥感和点云处理，小规模和大规模的实验测试，以及动态和随时间变化的地质力学行为的数值分析。该研究计划依赖于遥感技术的原始使用，以提供快速有效的手段来量化地质力学和几何参数，并评估爆破结果，以制定可爆性指标。将进行一些小型和大型现场试验，包括单孔和双孔爆破试验，以量化不同地质介质和局部几何形状的成坑行为（使用遥感工具）。数值模拟工作将补充实地实验，以评估地质力学和几何条件的影响。

As our cities grow denser and larger, infrastructures are increasingly built underground in rocks. In conjunction, the increasing demand for mineral commodities requires a large number of mining operations, often with deeper excavations and a bigger footprint. Rock blasting represents the fastest and most cost-effective means of breaking rock for excavation purposes. Conventional blasting by means of drilled holes loaded with explosives is used extensively in civil and mining engineering for the construction of transportation tunnels, storage caverns, vertical shafts, and for surface and underground mines. Advanced tools and techniques for optimal rock blasting are needed to further improve operational standards for safety, reliability, efficiency, and environmental footprint related to civil and mining infrastructures. Well controlled blasting practices are essential for ensuring safe ground control and working conditions, long term stability of infrastructures, and reduce explosives consumption. Optimal blast design also significantly reduces energy consumption from comminution and materials handling downstream. Rock blasting is a complex process that combines thermodynamics, chemistry, seismicity, geological engineering and rock mechanics. This inherent complexity has led to the development of empirical guidelines often based on generic observations. Such guidelines, still applied, typically categorize geological media and geometrical settings in few simple groupings to assist in the determination of blast pattern configurations (spacing between holes; hole diameter; amount of explosives). In reality, the large number of influence factors raises many challenges to evaluate local blasting requirements, so the commonly used approaches often fail to provide optimal conditions for rock extraction. This research program proposes steps to improve our understanding of the blasting processes in various types of rock and to develop blastability indicators based on single hole blast (SHB) testing and LiDAR measurements. The results will be used to quantify blasting requirements considering geomechanical properties and operational conditions. The research program focuses on three primary orientations: remote sensing and point cloud processing, small and large scale experimental testing, and numerical analysis of dynamic and time-dependent geomechanical behavior. The research program relies on the original use of remote sensing technologies to provide rapid and efficient means of quantifying geomechanical and geometrical parameters, and evaluating blasting results to develop blastability indicators. A number of small and large scale field trials involving single hole and two-hole blast tests will be carried out to quantify the cratering behavior (with remote sensing tools) for different geological media and local geometry. Numerical modelling work will complement field experiments to evaluate the effect of geomechanical and geometrical conditions.