Compartment Fire Dynamics Under Differing Ventilation Conditions

不同通风条件下的隔间火灾动态

• 批准号: RGPIN-2022-03715
• 负责人: Weckman, Elizabeth
• 金额: $ 2.84万
• 依托单位: University of Waterloo
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2022-01-01 至 2023-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=760449
• 关键词: Compartment; Fire; Dynamics; Under; Differing

The long-term objectives of this research program are to increase knowledge of key chemical, fluid dynamic and heat transfer processes that drive development, growth and toxicity in fires. Understanding these at the small scale is critical, but equally important is translation to full-scale fire situations, particularly in developing innovative fire safety solutions. Over the next 5 years, this goal will be advanced by two interconnected research thrusts to address gaps identified in the literature and by industry, regulators and the fire service: under-ventilated compartment fires and behaviour of polyurethane (PU) furniture materials. The evolution of a fire environment has important implications in design, tactical decision-making, fire protection equipment and occupant safety. Some aspects of the interactions of fires and ventilation are understood, but comprehensive scientific characterization of fires with insufficient air (oxygen) -- under--ventilated fires - has not been done. Research at UW has studied well-ventilated fires with recent work extending to under--ventilated situations. The proposed research will investigate under--ventilated furniture fires in more detail, characterizing the fuels and fire environment and examining the impact of ventilation, both mechanical and via timed opening of windows or doors during each test. Temperature, gas evolution and flow patterns will be charted in large-scale experiments in our two-storey burn structure, generating new understanding of how furniture fires develop in airtight, energy efficient structures and improved engineering models for this important class of fire. The PU foam and fabric combinations in furniture represent significant fire hazards due to their flammability, high heat release rates and propensity to support rapid flame spread.  Other challenges arise in control of PU flammability with fire retardant (FR) chemicals. Yet, PU is increasingly used in furnishings as we move toward a greener, more sustainable society. Materials are tested using prescribed methods for regulatory purposes, but results often do not translate well to performance in real fire situations. Our research has identified screening methods for fire performance which will be extended to investigate physical and chemical properties of the furniture materials used in the large-scale fires as well as the impact of new FR strategies on their burning characteristics. Results will increase understanding of the fire behaviour of furniture foam and fabric combinations and lead to new scaling laws, cost- effective screening tests and new models for fire growth and spread in modern furniture fires. This research will further establish a sound scientific basis for next generation fire safety technologies, test standards and advanced analysis tools for performance -based design. Highly qualified students will be trained to excel in the emerging performance- based fire safety market in Canada and around the world.

该研究计划的长期目标是增加对推动火灾发展，增长和毒性的关键化学，流体动力学和传热过程的了解。在小范围内了解这些是至关重要的，但同样重要的是转化为全面的火灾情况，特别是在开发创新的消防安全解决方案。在接下来的5年里，这一目标将通过两个相互关联的研究重点来推进，以解决文献中以及行业、监管机构和消防部门发现的差距：通风不足的隔间火灾和聚氨酯（PU）家具材料的行为。火灾环境的演变对设计、战术决策、消防设备和乘员安全具有重要意义。火灾和通风相互作用的某些方面已经得到了理解，但对空气（氧气）不足的火灾-通风不足的火灾-还没有进行全面的科学定性。华盛顿大学的研究已经研究了通风良好的火灾，最近的工作扩展到通风不足的情况。拟议的研究将更详细地调查通风不足的家具火灾，表征燃料和火灾环境，并检查通风的影响，包括机械通风和每次测试期间定时打开门窗。在我们的两层燃烧结构中进行的大规模实验中，将绘制温度、气体演化和流动模式，从而对家具火灾如何在气密、节能结构中发展产生新的理解，并改进这类重要火灾的工程模型。家具中的聚氨酯泡沫和织物组合由于其易燃性、高热释放速率和支持快速火焰蔓延的倾向而具有显著的火灾危险。在使用阻燃剂（FR）化学品控制聚氨酯易燃性方面出现了其他挑战。然而，随着我们走向更绿色，更可持续的社会，PU越来越多地用于家具。出于监管目的，使用规定的方法对材料进行测试，但结果通常不能很好地转化为真实的火灾情况下的性能。我们的研究已经确定了筛选方法的火灾性能，将扩展到调查的物理和化学性质的家具材料中使用的大规模火灾，以及新的阻燃策略对它们的燃烧特性的影响。结果将增加对家具泡沫和织物组合的火灾行为的理解，并导致新的缩放定律，具有成本效益的筛选测试和现代家具火灾中火灾增长和蔓延的新模型。这项研究将进一步为下一代消防安全技术、测试标准和基于性能的设计的先进分析工具建立健全的科学基础。高素质的学生将接受培训，在加拿大和世界各地新兴的基于性能的消防安全市场中脱颖而出。