第二语言加工和学习的神经机制是认知神经科学领域一个非常重要的研究主题。第二语言学习伴随着母语与第二语言的相互影响和相互作用。已有大量实验证据表明母语经验会显著影响第二语言加工和学习的神经机制，但是第二语言学习如何影响母语加工的神经机制却并不清楚。本项目将采用多模态的脑成像技术，系统探讨长期和短期的第二语言学习经验对母语加工神经机制的影响。具体而言，本项目将⑴比较英语单语者、英语汉语双语者和母语为英语第二语言为其它拼音文字的双语者母语阅读加工的脑活动差异和脑结构差异，探讨长期的第二语言学习经验如何塑造母语加工的神经机制；⑵采用人工语言训练范式，比较人工语言学习前后母语加工脑活动的差异，探讨短期的第二语言学习经验对母语加工神经机制的影响。对上述问题的探讨能够揭示第二语言学习对母语加工神经机制的影响，推进人们对母语和第二语言相互作用机制的认识，并为理解脑的可塑性提供一个新的窗口。

Neural basis of second language learning and processing is an important area in cognitive neuroscience. Native language interacts with second language during second language learning. Much research has suggested that neural mechanism of second language learning and processing can be determined by native language. However, question remains regarding whether second language learning affects native language, especially in terms of neural organization. The current project would explore how long-term and short-term second language learning affects neural mechanism of native language processing. Specifically, we would ⑴ examine the impact of long-term second language learning on native language by comparing the neural activity of native language processing in English monolinguals, English-Chinese bilinguals, and native English speakers with other alphabetic languages as second language; ⑵ examine the impact of short-term second language learning on native language by comparing neural activity of native language processing before artificial language learning with that after learning. Answering those questions would reveal the impact of second language learning on native language, further our understanding of the interaction between native and second languages, and provide new insight into our understanding of brain plasticity.