说谎的发展认知神经科学研究--来自fNIRS的证据

The present study aim to investigate the cognitive and neural developmental mechanism underlying deceception from childhood to adult and the relationship between deception and brain development using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). First, we plan to examine the development of children's first-order deception and second-order deception and their relationship with social cognitive factors. Further, according to the behavioral evidence, we aim to explore the neural developmental correlates underlying these two kinds of deception. Also, causal evidences will be obtained by comparison of different brain activity between before and after deception acquistion.In addition, deception is defined as a process of social decision-making that involved forming deceptive intention, executing actions, and evaluating outcomes. Therefore, we not only investigate the neural developmental basis of executing actions associated with deception, but also the neural developmental basis of forming deceptive intention and evaluating outcomes in deception. We expect that our research could systematically examine the development of children's deception,the cognitive process involving in the deception and its neural correlates. The findings have important theoretical implications. On one hand, it would be helpful for us to understand the nature of children's deception development in developmental psychology; on another hand, it will reveal the neural underpinning of deception and the roles of cognitive process (such as executive functions)in deception.

本研究拟从发展认知神经科学的角度，以多通道近红外脑功能成像仪fNIRS为主要研究工具，通过系列实验来考察幼儿到成人的说谎发展的认知神经机制，考察说谎这一社会行为的发展与大脑发展变化的关系。通过研究一级说谎和二级说谎的发展轨迹及影响其发展的社会认知因素、研究不同年龄儿童说谎能力的发展与大脑变化发展的相关关系以及说谎能力习得前后大脑活动的比较等来揭示说谎发展的神经机制，不仅考察说谎的反应阶段的发展神经机制，而且还考察说谎的决策和反馈阶段的发展神经机制。通过研究力图比较全面地揭示说谎的发展、说谎的认知过程与相应大脑的时空变化之间的关系。研究结果对深化发展心理学领域对说谎发展的认识、对全面揭示说谎的神经机制以及填补发展认知神经科学的相关空白具有重要作用。

本项目围绕说谎发展及其影响因素的认知神经机制，采用行为与功能性近红外脑成像技术（fNIRS）开展了一系列的研究。这些研究包括成人说谎的认知神经机制的fNIRS研究、童年晚期儿童说谎行为发展的认知因素及其神经机制的fNIRS研究、童年早期说谎行为发展的认知因素研究。这些研究发现成人自发性二级说谎时右侧额上回有更强的激活，说假话时右侧额中回有更大的激活；成人说谎反馈阶段会有奖赏系统的介入；成人在自发性说谎时会与指导性说谎时有不一样的神经激活网络；童年晚期到青春期早期，儿童说谎行为会随着年龄的增长而下降，而这个趋势与其执行功能有关；对于童年晚期的儿童来说，说谎会扰乱他们大脑神经网络的效率，且该影响与年龄有关；对年幼儿童进行心理理论的训练能让他们学会说谎，且训练效果至少持续一个月。此外，项目组还开展儿童对谎言的认知，社会因素对儿童说谎行为及fNIRS测谎等方面的研究。理论上，这些研究深化了对说谎发展及其认知神经机制的认识，填补了现有研究的一些空白。应用上，为开发新的测谎手段提供了一定的基础。

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