双酚S是双酚A典型代用品，已经被人类活动广泛引入水生生态系统中。更令人担忧的是，在许多区域，双酚S在环境水体和人体体液中浓度已经达到甚至超过双酚A的水平。然而，国内外关于双酚S的毒性研究尤其对水生生物的毒性研究还鲜有报道。本项目以模式生物野生斑马鱼和绿色荧光标记的巨噬细胞转基因斑马鱼为研究对象，研究环境浓度下双酚S对斑马鱼免疫基因、蛋白、细胞和器官的干扰作用，并在相同暴露浓度下比较双酚S和双酚A对斑马鱼免疫毒性的大小，最后通过拮抗剂共暴露和受体基因抑制的方法，结合多色荧光标记和共聚焦显微技术，探索双酚S对斑马鱼免疫系统的干扰途径。免疫系统是鱼类抵抗外界环境污染最重要的保卫系统，阐明双酚S对斑马鱼的免疫毒性效应及其作用机制，对保障鱼类种群繁育具有重要的科学意义。

Bisphenol S (BPS) has long been thought as a “safe” substitute for bisphenol A (BPA). Therefore, like BPA, it has been introduced into the aquatic ecosystems by anthropogenic activities. It is concerning that many studies have found that the concentrations of BPS in aquatic environments or human body fluids has reached or even exceeded the levels of BPA. However, unlike BPA, very little research has been carried out to evaluate the toxicity of BPS to aquatic organisms. Therefore, this project seeks to evaluate the toxicity of environmental levels of BPS to the immune system using the wildtype zebrafish and macrophages transgenic zebrafish through measurements of the following outcomes: the levels of immune related genes and proteins, numbers of the macrophages, and the development of immune organ. The project also will compare the toxicity of BPS and BPA on zebrafish’s immune system by conducting experiments at the same concentration levels. Lastly, the project explores how BPS interrupts fish immune system through an innovative experimental strategy-combined exposure with receptor antagonist and implemented receptor knock-out strategies. The project is expected to not only illustrate the immunotoxicity of BPS but also to demonstrate its action mechanisms. Because fish immune system is the most important defensive system against environmental toxins, the findings have implications for fish reproduction and conservation.