持续注意力减低是许多神经精神障碍的认知症状。背侧前扣带回（dACC）是持续注意的主要加工脑区之一。本项目研究内容包括：1）采用持续注意的常用认知实验范式Go/No-Go任务fMRI，个体化定位右侧dACC最大激活体素；2）以此为种子点，在静息态fMRI数据上进行个体化功能连接分析，找出右侧辅助运动前区皮层表面最显著的功能连接脑区的精准位置；3）采用低频（1 Hz）和高频（20 Hz）重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）作用于右侧辅助运动前区的最大功能连接体素（称为“刺激靶点”），通过功能连接作用于深部右侧dACC的最大激活点（“效应靶点”），比较不同频率刺激导致的脑活动变化和持续注意力的行为学变化。总之：通过个体化激活区及个体化功能连接的精准定位，指导个体化rTMS精准刺激。本研究以皮层表面的无创脑刺激调控深部dACC的脑神经活动及认知功能为目标，并为持续注意力障碍的TMS治疗研究提供基础。

Decreased sustained attention has been observed in multiple neuropsychiatric disorders. Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is one of the key regions for sustained attention. The current proposal includes 3 parts. (1) To precisely localize individual peak activation in the right dACC by using Go/No-Go fMRI paradigm of sustained attention; (2) Using the peak activation voxel as a seed and precisely localizing the peak voxel which has the strongest functional connectivity (FC) with the peak activation voxel in the surface of the right pre-supplementary motor cortex (pre-SMA) individually; (3) Taking the peak FC voxel in the right pre-SMA as the "stimulation target" and using low frequency (1 Hz) and high frequency (20 Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to affect the peak activation voxel of the right dACC (namely "effect target") and to investigate changes of resting-state brain activity as well as behavioral performance of sustained attention induced by different frequencies of rTMS. In brief, combining individualized precise localization of activation in task fMRI and the peak voxel of functional connectivity in resting-state fMRI to guide the individualized stimulation target of rTMS, the present proposal aims to modulate the deep brain activity in the dACC and to modulate the behavioral performance of sustained attention via stimulating the cortical surface. The results will provide the therapeutic basis of sustained attention deficits using TMS.