水稻育性机理及其在杂交水稻育种中的应用

杂交育种技术在提高我国及世界水稻产量中起到了举足轻重的作用，是我国粮食安全和农业可持续发展的重要保障。但是目前的三系和两系杂交水稻体系在实际生产中仍存在不育系育性稳定性差等问题，限制了杂交育种的进一步推广应用。本项目将针对水稻杂交育种中亲本配组不自由、不育系来源窄、育性易受环境影响等核心问题，通过遗传学、细胞学、生化、分子生物学等研究手段，开展雄性育性及环境影响育性的分子机理研究，发掘水稻育性控制特别是光温敏雄性核不育新基因。在此基础上，一方面通过基因编辑技术创制不育起点温度更低、不育性更为稳定的两系不育系。另一方面，在前期工作基础上对第三代工程不育系技术进行优化升级，利用具有自主知识产权的核不育基因，创制配组自由并可规模化生产的工程不育系。该研究将创新杂种优势利用途径、技术和材料，使丰富的遗传育种资源能够得以充分利用，杂种优势得以被最大化地利用，从而增强我国杂交水稻育种的技术竞争力。

Hybrid breeding technology plays a pivotal role in increasing the yield of rice around the world, particularly safeguarding the food security and sustainable agricultural development in China. However the current three-line and two-line hybrid rice systems have several problems such as the instability of male fertility, which limits the application of hybrid rice. This project aims to develop new strategies to solve constrains of current hybrid rice system, including restricted combinations of three-line hybrid rice parents, narrow genetic germplasms to be used and instability of male sterility of two-line male parents. We plan to use genetic, cytological, biochemical and molecular biology approaches to unravel the molecular mechanism underling the genetic control and environmental impacts on rice male fertility. Based on these studies, we will have a better understanding of rice male sterility and identify new rice male fertility related genes, especially novel environmental sensitive male fertility genes. New PTGMS male sterile lines with a more stable male sterility will be developed using genome-editing technology. On the other hand, we will improve the Seed Production Technology (SPT) and establish an automated, high efficient seed selection system. New genetic engineering male sterile lines using GMS genes possessing proprietary intellectual property rights will be developed. This study will provide new genetic resources and techniques, which will be helpful to make fully use of enormous elite rice varieties and manifest the advantage of heterosis, therefore significantly enhances the technological competitiveness of hybrid rice breeding.