REVIEW: The evolving linkage between conservation science and practice at The Nature Conservancy.
REVIEW: The evolving linkage between conservation science and practice at The Nature Conservancy.
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DOI：
10.1111/1365-2664.12259
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发表时间：
2014-10
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Marvier M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kareiva P;Groves C;Marvier M
大自然保护协会 (TNC) 由生态学家创立，是一家美国土地信托基金，旨在购买用于科学研究目的的栖息地。它已发展成为一个在 35 个国家开展工作的全球组织，“以保护所有生命赖以生存的土地和水域”。 TNC 现在是世界上最大的保护非政府组织 (NGO)，是生态理论进步的早期采用者，也是因保护实践而产生的新科学的创造者。大自然保护协会最初的科学创新是利用稀有物种和生态群落的分布数据来系统地确定保护目标土地。这项创新后来演变成一种更严格的方法，称为“设计保护”，其中包含系统保护规划、战略规划以及监测和评估的要素。 TNC 的下一个科学转型是在景观生态学思想的推动下转向景观规模项目。由于在未受人类影响的地区留出的土地规模远远低于保护所需的空间规模，跨国公司开始参与林业、牧业、农业、水电和其他土地利用的最佳管理实践。 TNC 的第三项科学创新是追求多目标规划，在寻求保护生物多样性的同一计划中考虑到经济和资源需求。千年生态系统评估促使跨国公司越来越关注生态系统服务以及生态系统恶化给人类带来的重大风险。最后，由于保护在很大程度上取决于谈判，跨国公司最近聘请了社会科学家、经济学家和传播专家。然而，仍然缺少的一个方面是对应该避免的阈值的扎实的科学理解。 合成与应用。在其 60 多年的历史中，科学进步为大自然保护协会 (TNC) 的行动和战略提供了信息，而不断发展的保护实践又改变了 TNC 所寻求的科学类型，以最大限度地提高其保护效力。在其 60 多年的历史中，科学进步为大自然保护协会 (TNC) 的行动和战略提供了信息，而不断发展的保护实践又改变了 TNC 所寻求的科学类型，以最大限度地提高其保护效力。
The Nature Conservancy (TNC) was founded by ecologists as a United States land trust to purchase parcels of habitat for the purpose of scientific study. It has evolved into a global organization working in 35 countries ‘to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends’. TNC is now the world's largest conservation non‐governmental organization (NGO), an early adopter of advances in ecological theory and a producer of new science as a result of practising conservation. The Nature Conservancy's initial scientific innovation was the use of distributional data for rare species and ecological communities to systematically target lands for conservation. This innovation later evolved into a more rigorous approach known as ‘Conservation by Design’ that contained elements of systematic conservation planning, strategic planning and monitoring and evaluation. The next scientific transition at TNC was a move to landscape‐scale projects, motivated by ideas from landscape ecology. Because the scale at which land could be set aside in areas untouched by humans fell far short of the spatial scale demanded by conservation, TNC became involved with best management practices for forestry, grazing, agriculture, hydropower and other land uses. A third scientific innovation at TNC came with the pursuit of multiobjective planning that accounts for economic and resource needs in the same plans that seek to protect biodiversity. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment prompted TNC to become increasingly concerned with ecosystem services and the material risk to people posed by ecosystem deterioration. Finally, because conservation depends heavily upon negotiation, TNC has recently recruited social scientists, economists and communication experts. One aspect still missing, however, is a solid scientific understanding of thresholds that should be averted. Synthesis and applications. Over its 60‐plus year history, scientific advances have informed The Nature Conservancy (TNC)'s actions and strategies, and in turn the evolving practice of conservation has altered the type of science sought by TNC in order to maximize its conservation effectiveness. Over its 60‐plus year history, scientific advances have informed The Nature Conservancy (TNC)'s actions and strategies, and in turn the evolving practice of conservation has altered the type of science sought by TNC in order to maximize its conservation effectiveness.
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