Diversity in Morphology and Locomotory Behavior Is Associated with Niche Expansion in the Semi-aquatic Bugs.
Diversity in Morphology and Locomotory Behavior Is Associated with Niche Expansion in the Semi-aquatic Bugs.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.061
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发表时间：
2016-12-19
期刊：
影响因子：
9.2
通讯作者：
Khila, Abderrahman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Crumiere, Antonin J. J.;Santos, M. Emilia;Semon, Marie;Armisen, David;Moreira, Felipe F. F.;Khila, Abderrahman
获得新的生态机会是适应和物种多样化的主要驱动力。然而，生物群体如何扩大其栖息地范围往往不清楚。我们研究Gerromorpha，一个单系群的异翅目昆虫，占据了大量的各种各样的水面相关的壁龛，从小水坑到开阔的海洋。由于与流体动力学和暴露于捕食的约束，我们假设，选择将有利于高速度的运动在Gerromorpha占据水-气界面壁龛相对于祖先的陆地生活方式。通过生物力学分析和系统发育重建，我们表明，只有物种占据水面生态位可以产生高的最大速度。具有祖先运动模式（由三脚架步态组成）的基本分支谱系通过增加中腿长度、划水幅度和划水频率来提高水上速度。派生的血统通过几乎完全由中腿同时划桨运动来进化划船作为一种新的运动模式。我们证明了这种运动行为的变化显着降低了对高中风频率和能量消耗的要求。此外，我们展示了如何划船的演变，通过减少中风频率，可能已经消除了对身体大小的限制，这可以解释较大的Gerromorpha的演变。运动行为的多样性和生态位特化之间的这种相关性表明，形态和行为的变化可能有助于在新环境中的入侵和多样化。半水生的臭虫适应于世界范围内的水面生态位生活水面上的生活需要高的运动最大速度通过改变腿长和运动行为来提高速度衍生的谱系进化了划船，这是一种在水面上运动的节能模式在进化过程中，半水生的臭虫在各种水面生态位上定居，从小水坑到开阔的海洋。Crumière等人表明进入这个新的栖息地与决定运动速度的形态和行为变化有关。不同谱系中运动行为的变化与生态位专门化相关。
Acquisition of new ecological opportunities is a major driver of adaptation and species diversification. However, how groups of organisms expand their habitat range is often unclear. We study the Gerromorpha, a monophyletic group of heteropteran insects that occupy a large variety of water surface-associated niches, from small puddles to open oceans. Due to constraints related to fluid dynamics and exposure to predation, we hypothesize that selection will favor high speed of locomotion in the Gerromorpha that occupy water-air interface niches relative to the ancestral terrestrial life style. Through biomechanical assays and phylogenetic reconstruction, we show that only species that occupy water surface niches can generate high maximum speeds. Basally branching lineages with ancestral mode of locomotion, consisting of tripod gait, achieved increased speed on the water through increasing midleg length, stroke amplitude, and stroke frequency. Derived lineages evolved rowing as a novel mode of locomotion through simultaneous sculling motion almost exclusively of the midlegs. We demonstrate that this change in locomotory behavior significantly reduced the requirement for high stroke frequency and energy expenditure. Furthermore, we show how the evolution of rowing, by reducing stroke frequency, may have eliminated the constraint on body size, which may explain the evolution of larger Gerromorpha. This correlation between the diversity in locomotion behaviors and niche specialization suggests that changes in morphology and behavior may facilitate the invasion and diversification in novel environments. Semi-aquatic bugs are adapted to life on water surface niches worldwide Life on the water surface requires high locomotory maximum speed Increased speed was achieved through changes in leg length and locomotion behavior Derived lineages evolved rowing, an energy-efficient mode of locomotion on water During evolution, the semi-aquatic bugs colonized a variety of water surface niches from small puddles to open oceans. Crumière et al. show that access to this new habitat is associated with morphological and behavioral changes that determine locomotory speed. Variation in locomotion behavior in distinct lineages is correlated with niche specialization.
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