Inferring predator behavior from attack rates on prey-replicas that differ in conspicuousness.
Inferring predator behavior from attack rates on prey-replicas that differ in conspicuousness.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0048497
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Losin N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stuart YE;Dappen N;Losin N
行为生态学家和进化生物学家长期以来一直在研究捕食者对颜色和图案新颖的猎物的反应。由于捕食反应受到捕食者发现猎物的能力和发现后行为反应的影响，不同类型的猎物在显著性方面的差异可能会混淆对发现猎物后捕食者行为的推断。也就是说，对特定类型猎物的相对较高的攻击率可能主要是由于增强的显著性，而不是捕食者对该猎物的直接偏好。然而，很少有研究能解释这种显著性差异。在野外实验中，我们测量了两种毒箭蛙的粘土复制品的捕食率，一种是新的，一种是熟悉的，还有两种是隐蔽的对照。为了了解捕食者是否喜欢或避免一种新的示警猎物形式，而不依赖于复制品之间的显著性差异，我们首先模拟了一种典型鸟类捕食者的视觉系统。然后，我们使用这个模型来估计凋落叶背景下的副本对比度，以测试对比度的变化是否可以单独解释捕食者攻击率的变化。我们发现绝对捕食率在不同的颜色形态之间没有差异。然而，相对于显著性而言，捕食率确实与预期显著偏离，这表明捕食者确实会在发现后做出决定，以避免或攻击特定的猎物类型。然而，这种偏离预期的方向取决于我们对鸟类捕食者如何区分物体和视觉背景的假设。我们的研究结果表明，在研究捕食者的行为时，考虑猎物的显著性是很重要的，而且现有的捕食者视觉系统模型需要改进。
Behavioral ecologists and evolutionary biologists have long studied how predators respond to prey items novel in color and pattern. Because a predatory response is influenced by both the predator’s ability to detect the prey and a post-detection behavioral response, variation among prey types in conspicuousness may confound inference about post-prey-detection predator behavior. That is, a relatively high attack rate on a given prey type may result primarily from enhanced conspicuousness and not predators’ direct preference for that prey. Few studies, however, account for such variation in conspicuousness. In a field experiment, we measured predation rates on clay replicas of two aposematic forms of the poison dart frog Dendrobates pumilio, one novel and one familiar, and two cryptic controls. To ask whether predators prefer or avoid a novel aposematic prey form independently of conspicuousness differences among replicas, we first modeled the visual system of a typical avian predator. Then, we used this model to estimate replica contrast against a leaf litter background to test whether variation in contrast alone could explain variation in predator attack rate. We found that absolute predation rates did not differ among color forms. Predation rates relative to conspicuousness did, however, deviate significantly from expectation, suggesting that predators do make post-detection decisions to avoid or attack a given prey type. The direction of this deviation from expectation, though, depended on assumptions we made about how avian predators discriminate objects from the visual background. Our results show that it is important to account for prey conspicuousness when investigating predator behavior and also that existing models of predator visual systems need to be refined.
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