High Concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Arctic Seawater Driven by Early Thawing Sea Ice.
High Concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Arctic Seawater Driven by Early Thawing Sea Ice.
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DOI：
10.1021/acs.est.1c01676
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发表时间：
2021-07-26
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Wynn PM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Garnett J;Halsall C;Vader A;Joerss H;Ebinghaus R;Leeson A;Wynn PM
多氟烷基和全氟烷基物质是广泛存在于包括北极在内的全球环境中的合成化学品。然而，人们对这些化学品（特别是全氟烷基酸，PFAA）如何进入北极海洋系统并在海水和海冰之间循环知之甚少。为了评估这一点，我们分析了位于巴伦支海北部（81 °N）的两个冰覆盖站的海冰、雪、融化池和近地表海水，目的是调查晚季浮冰中的PFAA动态。海冰显示出高浓度的PFAA，特别是在表面的雪冰（最上面的海冰层受雪的影响很大），占PFAA总负荷的26-62%。海冰的低盐度（<2.5ppt）和低δ 18 OH 20值（<1‰）揭示了大气降水对海冰的强烈影响，从而表明PFAA是一个重要的大气来源，随后在融水中向下转移到海冰柱中。重要的是，冰下海水（0.5米深）显示出一些最高浓度，特别是长链PFAA（例如，PFOA 928 ± 617 pg L-1），是较深水（5 m深度）的1.33倍，是受PFAAs工业输入影响的北海表层沃茨的1.22倍。这里提供的证据表明，在融化季节早期从雪和其他表面浮冰成分中产生的融水驱动了冰下海水中观察到的较高PFAA浓度，这反过来可能影响海洋食物网底部生物接触PFAA的时间和程度。海冰从海水和大气沉积物中积累全氟烷基酸（PFAA）。随后，由于季节变化，表层冰层融化，导致冰下海水中PFAA浓度很高。
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances are synthetic chemicals that are widely present in the global environment including the Arctic. However, little is known about how these chemicals (particularly perfluoroalkyl acids, PFAA) enter the Arctic marine system and cycle between seawater and sea ice compartments. To evaluate this, we analyzed sea ice, snow, melt ponds, and near-surface seawater at two ice-covered stations located north of the Barents Sea (81 °N) with the aim of investigating PFAA dynamics in the late-season ice pack. Sea ice showed high concentrations of PFAA particularly at the surface with snow-ice (the uppermost sea ice layer strongly influenced by snow) comprising 26–62% of the total PFAA burden. Low salinities (<2.5 ppt) and low δ18OH20 values (<1‰ in snow and upper ice layers) in sea ice revealed the strong influence of meteoric water on sea ice, thus indicating a significant atmospheric source of PFAA with subsequent transfer down the sea ice column in meltwater. Importantly, the under-ice seawater (0.5 m depth) displayed some of the highest concentrations notably for the long-chain PFAA (e.g., PFOA 928 ± 617 pg L–1), which were ≈3-fold higher than those of deeper water (5 m depth) and ≈2-fold higher than those recently measured in surface waters of the North Sea infuenced by industrial inputs of PFAAs. The evidence provided here suggests that meltwater arising early in the melt season from snow and other surface ice floe components drives the higher PFAA concentrations observed in under-ice seawater, which could in turn influence the timing and extent of PFAA exposure for organisms at the base of the marine food web. Sea ice accumulates perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from seawater and from atmospheric deposition in snow. Subsequent melting of surface ice layers through seasonal changes later results in high PFAA concentrations in the under-ice seawater.
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