Development and evolution of the neural crest: an overview.-猫眼课题宝

DOI：

10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.12.042

发表时间：

2012-06-01

期刊：

Developmental biology

影响因子：

2.7

通讯作者：

中科院分区：

生物学3区

文献类型：

作者：

Bronner ME;LeDouarin NM

来源链接：

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3351559/?report=classic

神经嵴是一种胚胎细胞类型，是脊椎动物所独有的，并形成许多不同的衍生物。例如，这些细胞产生颅面骨骼的关键组成部分，如颌骨和头骨，以及周围神经系统的黑素细胞和神经节。有趣的是，非脊椎动物脊索动物和无脊椎动物有许多分化的细胞类型，在脊椎动物中，这些细胞来源于神经嵴（例如黑素细胞，感觉神经元，甚至软骨）。尽管这些衍生物在无脊椎动物中来自内中胚层，但它们在脊椎动物中要么仅来自神经嵴，如黑素细胞的情况，要么来自神经嵴和其他细胞类型。后者是真实的颅感觉神经元，它来自神经嵴和外胚层基板，以及软骨/骨，来自神经嵴加中胚层在颅水平和中胚层单独的躯干。因此，神经嵴有时被称为外胚层，包括“第四胚层”（Hall，2000）。神经嵴起源于神经板和相邻的非神经外胚层之间的神经板边界处的区域。神经嵴细胞在这个边界区域由原肠胚形成期间启动的诱导信号的组合指定。它们在神经形成期间保持在神经板边界，因为神经板转化为上升的神经褶皱，并且在神经管闭合后，它们驻留在背侧神经管的域中。神经嵴前体群体表达一套特征性的转录因子，包括Snail 2（Slug）、Sox 10、FoxD 3和Sox 9，称为神经嵴特异性基因。

The neural crest is an embryonic cell type that is unique to vertebrates and forms numerous, diverse derivatives. For example, these cells give rise to critical components of the craniofacial skeleton, such as the jaws and skull, as well as melanocytes and ganglia of the peripheral nervous system. Interestingly, non-vertebrate chordates and invertebrates have many differentiated cell types that, in vertebrates, are derived from the neural crest (eg melanocytes, sensory neurons, and even cartilage). Whereas these derivatives arise from endomesoderm in invertebrates, they arise in vertebrates either solely from the neural crest, as is the case for melanocytes, or from both neural crest and other cell types. The latter is true for cranial sensory neurons, which arise from both neural crest and ectodermal placodes, as well as for cartilage/bone, which comes from neural crest plus mesoderm at cranial levels and from mesoderm alone in the trunk. As a consequence, the neural crest is sometimes referred to as ectomesenchyme, comprising the “fourth germ layer”(Hall, 2000).The neural crest arises from a region at the border of the neural plate, between the neural plate and the adjacent non-neural ectoderm. Neural crest cells are specified at this border region by a combination of inducing signals that initiate during gastrulation. They remain at the neural plate border during neurulation, as the neural plate transforms into the rising neural folds and, after neural tube closure, come to reside in a domain of the dorsal neural tube. The neural crest precursor population expresses a characteristic suite of transcription factors, including Snail2 (Slug), Sox10, FoxD3 and Sox9, termed neural crest specifier genes.