Urm1: A Non-Canonical UBL.

Urm1: A Non-Canonical UBL.
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DOI:
10.3390/biom11020139
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发表时间:
2021-01-22
期刊:
影响因子:
5.5
通讯作者:
Leidel SA
Leidel SA
中科院分区:
生物学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Termathe M;Leidel SA

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Urm1(泛素相关修饰因子 1)是泛素样蛋白 (UBL) 类的分子化石。它包含经典 UBL 的特征,例如泛素或 SUMO(小泛素相关修饰剂),也包含细菌硫载体蛋白 (SCP) 的特征。由于其主要功能是修饰 tRNA,Urm1 以非规范方式发挥作用。 Uba4 是 Urm1 的激活酶,包含两个结构域:激活 Urm1 的经典 E1 样结构域 (AD) 和硫氰酸同源结构域 (RHD)。该硫转移酶结构域催化 Urm1 上 C 末端硫代羧酸酯的形成。硫代羧基化 Urm1 是 5-甲氧基羰基甲基-2-硫尿苷 (mcm5s2U) 的硫供体,5-甲氧基羰基甲基-2-硫尿苷 (mcm5s2U) 是 tRNA 摆动位置的化学核苷酸修饰。这种硫代修饰在生命的所有领域中都是保守的并优化翻译。 Urm1 的缺失会增加酵母中由蛋白质稳态缺陷引发的应激敏感性,这是高等生物体神经系统缺陷的标志。相反,tRNA 修饰酶水平升高会促进某些类型癌症的出现和转移的形成。在这里,我们总结了最近关于 Urm1 位于 UBL 和 SCP 交叉点的独特特征的发现,并使 Urm1 成为研究蛋白质缀合和硫载体系统进化的优秀模型。
Urm1 (ubiquitin related modifier 1) is a molecular fossil in the class of ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs). It encompasses characteristics of classical UBLs, such as ubiquitin or SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier), but also of bacterial sulfur-carrier proteins (SCP). Since its main function is to modify tRNA, Urm1 acts in a non-canonical manner. Uba4, the activating enzyme of Urm1, contains two domains: a classical E1-like domain (AD), which activates Urm1, and a rhodanese homology domain (RHD). This sulfurtransferase domain catalyzes the formation of a C-terminal thiocarboxylate on Urm1. Thiocarboxylated Urm1 is the sulfur donor for 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (mcm5s2U), a chemical nucleotide modification at the wobble position in tRNA. This thio-modification is conserved in all domains of life and optimizes translation. The absence of Urm1 increases stress sensitivity in yeast triggered by defects in protein homeostasis, a hallmark of neurological defects in higher organisms. In contrast, elevated levels of tRNA modifying enzymes promote the appearance of certain types of cancer and the formation of metastasis. Here, we summarize recent findings on the unique features that place Urm1 at the intersection of UBL and SCP and make Urm1 an excellent model for studying the evolution of protein conjugation and sulfur-carrier systems.
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