Selective stimulation of penumbral cones reveals perception in the shadow of retinal blood vessels.
Selective stimulation of penumbral cones reveals perception in the shadow of retinal blood vessels.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0124328
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Brainard DH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Spitschan M;Aguirre GK;Brainard DH
在1819年，约翰·浦肯野描述了移动光源如何将视网膜血管的阴影转移到相邻的视锥细胞，从而产生分支树的内视反射。在这里，我们描述了一种新的方法，用于生产类似的药物。我们使用了一种在计算机控制下混合56种窄带原色的设备，结合无声替代的方法，为观察者提供光谱调制，选择性地针对视网膜血管阴影中的半影锥。这样的转调就像是一个清晰的浦肯野树概念。我们表明，该受体是特定的半影L和M锥刺激，而不是由选择性半影S锥刺激。浦肯野树感受器在16 Hz时最强，在较低（8 Hz）和较高（32 Hz）的时间频率时下降。选择性刺激不在阴影中的开视野视锥细胞，半影视锥细胞沉默，也产生了E-japept，但当半影视锥细胞和开视野视锥细胞一起调制时，没有观察到E-japept。这表明需要半影视锥和开放视野视锥之间的空间对比来创建浦肯野树模型。我们的观察提供了一个新的手段，研究视网膜稳定的图像的反应，并表明，半影锥可以支持空间视觉。此外，结果说明了一种方式，其中沉默替代技术可能无法沉默。我们发现，不经意的半影锥刺激可以伴随黑视素定向调制，设计只沉默开放领域锥。这反过来又可能导致可能被误认为是黑视蛋白驱动的视觉反应。
In 1819, Johann Purkinje described how a moving light source that displaces the shadow of the retinal blood vessels to adjacent cones can produce the entopic percept of a branching tree. Here, we describe a novel method for producing a similar percept. We used a device that mixes 56 narrowband primaries under computer control, in conjunction with the method of silent substitution, to present observers with a spectral modulation that selectively targeted penumbral cones in the shadow of the retinal blood vessels. Such a modulation elicits a clear Purkinje-tree percept. We show that the percept is specific to penumbral L and M cone stimulation and is not produced by selective penumbral S cone stimulation. The Purkinje-tree percept was strongest at 16 Hz and fell off at lower (8 Hz) and higher (32 Hz) temporal frequencies. Selective stimulation of open-field cones that are not in shadow, with penumbral cones silenced, also produced the percept, but it was not seen when penumbral and open-field cones were modulated together. This indicates the need for spatial contrast between penumbral and open-field cones to create the Purkinje-tree percept. Our observation provides a new means for studying the response of retinally stabilized images and demonstrates that penumbral cones can support spatial vision. Further, the result illustrates a way in which silent substitution techniques can fail to be silent. We show that inadvertent penumbral cone stimulation can accompany melanopsin-directed modulations that are designed only to silence open-field cones. This in turn can result in visual responses that might be mistaken as melanopsin-driven.
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影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Brown TM;Allen AE;al-Enezi J;Wynne J;Schlangen L;Hommes V;Lucas RJ
通讯作者：
Lucas RJ
影响因子：
9.8
作者：
Brown TM;Gias C;Hatori M;Keding SR;Semo M;Coffey PJ;Gigg J;Piggins HD;Panda S;Lucas RJ
通讯作者：
Lucas RJ
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
Adams, DL;Horton, JC
通讯作者：
Horton, JC
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
al Enezi, Jazi;Revell, Victoria;Lucas, Robert
通讯作者：
Lucas, Robert
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Allefeld, Carsten;Puetz, Peter;Wackermann, Jiri
通讯作者：
Wackermann, Jiri