The Cycling and Deposition of Sulfur, Nitrogen and Organic Acids Over the North Atlantic Ocean

在过去的10-15年里，大气化学已经从一个主要致力于研究城市污染和空气质量等局部问题的年轻研究学科发展成为一门涉及各种化学物质在半球到全球范围内循环的成熟科学。在很大程度上，这种变化是由于人们日益认识到，人类活动可以对自然对流层造成化学干扰，其规模远远超出当地的关注范围。众所周知的例子包括某些氮化合物、铅和其他重金属、人工放射性核素、一些合成有机物质、某些形成酸的物种、二氧化碳和甲烷的区域到全球浓度的变化。大气中的这些化学变化通常可以扩展到远离原始来源地区的地球土壤、海洋和生物群。它们可能导致地球气候的变化，重要的营养循环的变化，并对地球上的公共健康和生活质量产生重大影响。大气/海洋化学实验（AEROCE）将是一个以北大西洋区域为中心的协调的多机构大气和海洋化学研究项目。欧空局项目的最终目标将是发展在北大西洋上空海洋对流层观测到的大陆衍生物种的预测能力。在AEROCE中，地点的选择和测量方案是由建模人员和现场实验人员共同制定的。湿沉积将在北大西洋的四个岛屿收集：百慕大、爱尔兰、巴巴多斯和特内里费岛。湿沉积将分析Ca++， Mg++, Na+, K+, Cl-, H+, NH4+, NO3-, SO4=和甲烷磺酸盐（MSA）。所得到的数据及其变率将用于建立北大西洋湿沉积的化学气候学。将调查影响湿沉积组成的来源（自然和人为）。采样点位于北美的下风处，因此是理想的站点，不仅可以研究北美羽流的命运，还可以研究羽流与北大西洋背景大气的相互作用。

Over the past 10-15 years atmospheric chemistry has evolved from a young research discipline devoted primarily to local problems of urban pollution and air quality to a mature science concerned with the hemispheric to global scale cycling of a wide variety of chemical species. To a large extent this change has resulted from an increasing realization that human activities can cause chemical disturbances to the natural troposphere on scales far beyond local concerns. Well-known examples include changes in the regional-to-global concentrations of certain nitrogen compounds, lead and other heavy metals, artificial radionuclides, a number of synthetic organic substances, certain acid-forming species, carbon dioxide and methane. These chemical changes in the atmosphere can often extend to the earth's soils, oceans, and biota far from the original source region. They can result in alterations in the earth's climate, changes in vital nutrient cycles, and impact significantly on the public health and quality of life on earth. The Atmosphere/Ocean Chemistry Experiment (AEROCE) will be a coordinated multi-institutional atmospheric and marine chemistry research project centered in the North Atlantic region. The ultimate goal of the AEROCE project will be the development of a predictive capability for the continentally derived species observed in the marine troposphere over the North Atlantic. The selection of sites and the measurement protocol in AEROCE has been developed jointly by modelers and field experimentalists. Wet deposition will be collected at the four islands in the North Atlantic Ocean: Bermuda, Ireland, Barbados and Tenerife. The wet deposition will be analyzed for Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Cl-, H+, NH4+, NO3-, SO4=, and methanesulfonate (MSA). The resulting data and their variability will be used to establish a chemical climatology for wet deposition over the North Atlantic Ocean. The sources (natural and anthropogenic) that affect the composition of wet deposition will be investigated. The sampling sites are downwind of North America and thus are ideal stations for investigating not only the fate of the North American plume but also the interaction of the plume with the North Atlantic Ocean background atmosphere.