Speech Processes in Reading

这个项目旨在阐明隐性言语在 在无声的阅读中进行。 虽然潜意识活动 阅读中的一个常见现象，它的意义和 控制它的条件还不太清楚。 有 关于这种言语活动是功能性的还是 只是一个毫无意义的副产品 核心假设 这个项目背后的理论，自动激活 理论上，印刷文字的识别通常会导致 激活与字母相关的语音片段， 文字本身。 这与“双轨制”的观点形成鲜明对比。 印刷文字有时会被“重新编码”成语音 而在其他时候，直接通过“视觉”来识别 路线“自动激活理论的第二个假设是 语言代码一旦被激活， 一个句子的表现，直到一定的理解 进程已经完成。 自动激活理论的两个假设将被检验 在两种类型的实验中：一种是使用向后视觉 掩蔽，一种实验性的程序，其中一个单词被闪现在 屏幕上的一个很短的时间内，其次是一个简短的 一个“面具”的闪光，一个可能会或可能不会共享的视觉显示， 它所遵循的词的具体特征。 最近的研究 发现口罩造成的干扰程度取决于 既取决于掩码共享语音段的程度， 也取决于掩码与单词共享字母的程度 它面具。 掩蔽实验将改变 被屏蔽的单词通常会影响它的速度， 这将提供一种情况， 自动激活和双路理论使不同的 预测。 第二种实验将集中在 从视觉绕口令看言语在阅读中的作用 效果：阅读重复句子的时间 语音段，例如，“彼得·派珀从一堆腌制的 辣椒..”，比一般的句子要长。 实验 我将讨论这种影响是否发生在扩展文本阅读 以及当读者有一个目标， 大意理解而不是详细理解，情况 这两种理论对此做出了不同的预测。 这项研究对阅读的本质有启示 残疾。 根据现有证据， 某些阅读障碍与使用缺陷有关 在学习阅读和记忆中， 语言输入 在某种程度上，这个项目摆脱了一些 对正常的阅读过程的影响，它可能有助于理解 在某些情况下， 残疾。

This project seeks to illuminate the role that implicit speech processes play in silent reading. Although subvocal activity has long been known to occur during reading, its significance and the conditions controlling it are not well understood. There is disagreement about whether this speech activity is functional or merely a by-product of no significance. The central assumption of the theory underlying this project, automatic activation theory, is that identification of printed words routinely causes activation of speech segments associated with letters and with the words themselves. This contrasts with the view ("dual route" theory) that printed words are sometimes "recoded" into speech and at other times identified directly through the "visual route." A second assumption of automatic activation theory is that the speech code, once activated, remains part of the mental representation of a sentence until certain comprehension processes have been completed. The two assumptions of automatic activation theory will be tested in two types of experiments: One type will use backward visual masking, an experimental procedure in which a word is flashed on the screen for a very short period of time, followed by a brief flash of a "mask", a visual display that may or may not share specific characteristics of the word it follows. Recent research has found that the degree of disruption caused by a mask depends both on the degree to which the mask shares speech segments and also on the degree to which the mask shares letters with the word it masks. The masking experiments will vary characteristics of the word being masked that usually affect the speed at which it is identified; this will provide a situation in which the automatic activation and the dual route theories make different predictions. The second kind of experiment will focus on the role of speech in reading by examining the visual tongue-twister effect: The time for silent reading of sentences that repeat speech segments, e.g., "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers..", is longer than for normal sentences. The experiments will address whether such effects occur in extended text reading and whether they are diminished when the reader has a goal of gist comprehension rather than detailed understanding, situations for which the two theories make different predictions. This research has implications for the nature of reading disability. According to available evidence, it is quite likely that some kinds of reading disability are linked to defective use of speech segments in learning to read and in memory for linguistic input. To the extent that this project sheds some light on normal reading processes, it may help in understanding the nature of the speech-related defect in some cases of disability.