Dissertation Research: Early State Expansion in the Osmore Valley

加州大学洛杉矶分校（University of California, Los Angeles）的研究生布鲁斯·欧文（Bruce Owen）将在秘鲁南部奥斯莫尔河谷（Osmore valley）下游的两个考古遗址进行挖掘工作。在初步工作的基础上，El Algodonal和Loreto Viejo遗址在公元300年至1200年之间被占领，与蒂瓦纳库帝国的扩张有关。蒂瓦纳库位于玻利维亚高地，其影响力一直延伸到秘鲁北部。考古学家希望了解扩张是如何发生的，以及偏远的殖民地，如奥斯莫尔河谷下游的殖民地，是如何与核心地区融合在一起的。这样的考察将揭示帝国是如何运作的。欧文先生将在这两个地点进行地面调查。根据获得的信息，将选择区域进行仔细的挖掘。收集到的数据将有助于重建这两个群体的社会组织。例如，将确定地位差别的程度。还将重建各社区的经济基础，并审查与蒂瓦纳库母殖民地的贸易关系。对骨骼材料的分析将有助于深入了解殖民者和当地居民之间的关系。由于安第斯山脉靠近海洋，南美洲的这一地区由狭窄的生态区组成，这些生态区的可用资源差别很大。由于食物非常有限，早期的帝国被迫制定复杂的战略来生产和重新分配货物，这些可以从考古记录中看出。因此，他们可以深入了解这些帝国是如何运作的。欧文先生的研究将有助于实现这一目标。这项研究很重要，因为它将增加对复杂社会出现的理解，比如我们自己的社会。它还将有助于培养一名非常能干的年轻科学家。

Mr. Bruce Owen, a graduate student at the University of California, Los Angeles, will conduct excavations at two archaeological sites located in the lower Osmore valley in southern Peru. The sites, El Algodonal and Loreto Viejo, were, on the basis of preliminary work, occupied between 300 and 1200 A.D. and relate to the expansion of the Tiwanaku empire. The massive site of Tiwanaku is located in the Bolivian highlands, and its influence extended far to the North into Peru. Archaeologists wish to understand how expansion occurred and how outlying colonies, such as those in the lower Osmore valley, wereintegrated with the core area. Such an examination will shed light on how the empire functioned. Mr. Owen will conduct surface surveys at both sites. With the information thus obtained, areas will be selected for careful excavation. Data collected will allow reconstruction of the social organization of both groups. The extent of status differential, for example, will be determined. The economic basis of the communities will also be reconstructed and trade relations with the parent colony of Tiwanaku examined. Analysis of skeletal material will permit insight into the relationship between colonists and the local population. Because the Andes Mountains come close to the sea, this area of South America consists of narrow ecological zones which differ greatly in resources available. Because foodstuffs are really limited, early empires were forced to devise complex strategies to both produce and redistribute goods and these can be discerned in the archaeological record. Thus, they can provide insight into how these empires functioned. Mr. Owen's research will contribute to this goal. The research is important because it will increase understanding of the emergence of complex societies such as our own. It will also facilitate the training of a highly competent, young scientist.