Effects of National Security Controls on Unclassified Scientific and Technical Research and Communication

信息交流的公开性、保密性和共享问题 科学和技术信息是核心， 对个人、群体和社会的影响 控制 从20世纪70年代末开始，美国颁布了 出口转让法律、行政法规 向潜在对手提供技术。 由于这些法律对“技术转让”的定义包括 传播科学和技术信息、政策 制作者将其应用于非机密报告的演示， 某些外国国民出席技术会议; 接受赠款的机构签署合同， 在论文发表前进行审阅和编辑。 许多 科学和工程界的代表 反对这些政策，认为它们违反了 言论自由和破坏性的开放环境， 科学才能繁荣。 很少有系统的研究 然而，这些控制的影响。 该项目将 提供有关国家安全影响的信息 对进行非机密科学研究的管制， 传播其成果。 从一个平衡的监督 咨询组，项目组将进行电话 对2,000名活跃的科学家和工程师进行的调查， 管理人员、科学协会领导人和期刊编辑 （1）确定他们在多大程度上了解 限制;（2）评估他们如何平衡开放的价值观 保护国家安全;（3）记录 限制对研究实践和传播的影响。 该项目的调查结果，包括政策建议，将 通过专著、文章、专题讨论会 和新闻稿。 该项目由一个合格的团队进行， 研究人员和顾问;机构支持非常好。 研究和传播计划是适当的;结果 将提供有关保密政策对以下方面影响的丰富数据： research. 结果将与研究人员和 政策制定者。 建议提供支持。

Issues of openness, secrecy, and sharing in the communication of scientific and technical information are central both to scientific progress and to individual, group and societal control. Beginning in the late 1970s, the United States enacted export laws and administrative regulations governing the transfer of technology to countries that could be potential adversaries. Since these laws defined "technology transfer" to include dissemination of scientific and technical information, policy makers applied them to presentations of unclassified reports and attendance of certain foreign nationals at technical meetings; institutions receiving grants signed contracts allowing agencies to review and edit papers prior to publication. Many representatives of the scientific and engineering communities voiced opposition to these policies, viewing them as violative of free speech and destructive to the open environment in which science can flourish. Little systematic research has been done on the impacts of these controls, however. This project will provide information about the effects of national security controls on the conduct of unclassified scientific research and the dissemination of its results. With oversight from a balanced advisory group, the project team will undertake a telephone survey of 2,000 active scientists and engineers, research managers, leaders in scientific societies, and journal editors to: (1) determine the extent to which they understand the restrictions; (2) assess how they balance values of openness with protection of national security, and (3) document the impact of restrictions on research practice and dissemination. The project's findings, including policy recommendations, will be made widely available through a monograph, articles, symposia, and press releases. This project is being undertaken by a well-qualified team of researchers and advisors; institutional support is very good. The research and dissemination plans are appropriate; results will provide rich data about the impacts of secrecy policies on research. Results will be relevant to both researchers and policymakers. Support is recommended.