Cautionary Paradigms for Engineering Design

在从简单结构到复杂系统的工程设计中，人为错误已被确定为失败的主要原因。如何将错误引入设计过程的模型不仅将提供对设计理论和方法中经常被忽视的方面的洞察，还将提供对如何在未来的设计中减少错误的理解。将开发基于设计错误和错误避免的经典例子的范例，这是解决人为设计错误导致的失败问题的最有效手段。通过将范例建立在实际案例研究的基础上，可以自然地纳入人的因素，并提出与实践设计师相关的警告。由于失败的概念为设计过程的所有组成部分提供了一个统一的主题，基于令人信服的失败和失败避免案例研究的范例也提供了一种将大量过去的设计经验统一到一个连贯的结构中的方法。此外，通过从范例中提取设计原则，在一个工程领域学到的经验教训将更容易转移到其他领域。这将使设计理论家、实践者和学生都有机会获得独特的广泛的经验和范例基础。一般设计范例可以基于特定案例的假设将通过证明广泛的其他案例研究展示相同的设计错误或错误避免原则来检验。支持的案例研究将来自几个历史时期，以证明范例中体现的设计原则确实是永恒的，独立于最先进的技术。案例研究还将来自一系列工程领域，以证明设计假设的一般性有效性，从而证明这些范例的普遍适用性。

Human error has been identified as a major cause of failure in engineering designs ranging from simple structures to complex systems. A model of how errors are introduced into the design process will provide not only insight into an often neglected aspect of design theory and methodology but also an understanding of how errors may be reduced in future designs. Paradigms based on classic examples of design error and error avoidance constitute a most effective means of approaching the problem of failure due to human design error will be developed. By basing paradigms on actual case studies, the human element can be naturally incorporated and caveats made relevant to practicing designers. Since the concept of failure provides a unifying theme for all components of the design process, paradigms based on cogent case studies of failure and failure avoidance also present a means of unifying the large mass of past design experience into a coherent structure. Furthermore, by distilling design principles from the paradigms, the lessons learned in one engineering domain will be more easily transferrable to others. This will enable design theorists, practitioners, and students alike to have access to a uniquely broad base of experience and examples. The hypothesis that general design paradigms can be based on specific case histories will be tested by demonstrating that a wide variety of other case studies exhibit the same design error or error avoidance principles. The supporting case studies will be drawn from several historical periods to demonstrate that the design principles embodied in the paradigms are truly timeless and independent of the state-of-the-art. The case studies will also be drawn from a range of engineering domains to demonstrate the validity of the hypothesis for design generally and thus to demonstrate the universal applicability of the paradigms.