Dispersal, Individuality, and Lifetime Reproductive Success

人口动态被认为是人口统计的总和 个体试图最大化进化适应性的努力， 终身生殖成功（LRS） 许多后代分散; 因此，无法确定父母的繁殖成功率 不知道他们的生存和繁殖能力， 分散后代。 动物不应该散开，除非 扩散增加了它的适应性;因此，扩散必须是 从分配器的适合性观点考虑。 的 扩散的贡献，社会行为，个人 差异，和社会组织的健身可以确定 从对个体的详细的、纵向的、长期的研究 已知其亲缘关系、年龄和性别等生活史特征， 其行为表型可以分类，其社会 可以直接观察到相互作用。 该项目将是 第一个将后代的繁殖成功纳入 计算一生繁殖成功率的方差 个体的雄性和雌性。 男性的精力消耗 交配策略将与繁殖成本进行比较， 女性，以确定哪种性别，如果有的话，有最大的成本 在活跃的季节。 许多啮齿动物种群需要控制。 当人口控制 应适用于成本效益可以确定从 物种的生物学。 因此，如果大多数动物 分散模具，那么它是不是有效的应用控制措施 反正也会死的动物 此外，控制措施 如果被杀死或移走的动物 很快被移民取代。 因为黄腹土拨鼠 经常是农业害虫，知识的命运， 分配器将有助于制备有效的 控制措施。

Population dynamics is considered to be the demographic summation of individual attempts to maximize evolutionary fitness, measured as lifetime reproductive success (LRS). Many offspring disperse; therefore, reproductive success of parents cannot be determined without knowing the survivorship and reproductive output of their dispersing offspring. An animal should not disperse unless dispersal increases its fitness; therefore, dispersal must be considered from the fitness viewpoint of dispensers. The contributions of dispersal, social behavior, individual differences, and social organization to fitness can be determined from detailed, longitudinal, long-term studies of individuals whose life-history traits of relatedness, age, and sex are known, whose behavioral phenotype can be categorized, and whose social interactions can be directly observed. This project will be the first to incorporate the reproductive success of offspring into the calculations of the variance in lifetime reproductive success of individual males and females. The energetic costs of male mating strategies will be compared with the reproductive costs of females to determine which sex, if either, has the greatest costs during the active season. Many rodent populations require control. When population control should be applied to be cost effective can be determined from the population biology of the species. Thus, if most animals that disperse die, then it is not effective to apply control measures to animals that would die anyway. Also, control measures are ineffective if those animals that are killed or removed are quickly replaced by immigrants. Because yellow-bellied marmots frequently are agricultural pests, knowledge of the fate of dispensers will contribute to the preparation of effective control measures.