New Methods for Solving the Muscle/Ligament Problem of Crinoid Arms: Functional Morphology, Taphonomy, Geochemistry, Paleoecology & Evolutionary History

PI将通过各种方法检验古生代海百合只有韧带关节，而不是现代海百合的肌肉臂的假设，包括对现代海百合的实验和观察，同位素分析，以及对海百合化石的研究。该项目将提高我们对棘突功能形态的理解，并为研究保存和进化模式提供新的信息。

PI will test the assumption that Paleozoic crinoids had only ligamentary articulations, rather than the muscular arms of modern crinoids, by a variety of methods, including experiments and observations on modern crinoids, isotopic analyses, and studies of fossil crinoids. This project will improve our understanding of crinoid functional morphology and provide new information for studying preservational and evolutionary patterns.