Scramble Competition: An Examination of Day Range Length Variation

灵长类动物行为研究的一个主要目标是 了解女性之间竞争关系的原因。 从历史上看，试图解释竞争力的变化， 关系的焦点是所谓的“竞争 竞争，”这可能导致统治阶层，一个主要的 描写女性关系的主题。 然而，在这方面， 实地研究表明，女性的性别差异更大， 存在的关系比模型所适应或认可的关系更复杂 只有竞争力的竞争。 此外，预测日间范围 迄今为止，竞争模式的规模证明是不够的。 该项目将重点关注以下方面的互补关系 竞赛竞争和“争夺”竞争，其中没有 在过去被广泛研究。 它已被广泛接受 群体内的竞争会随着群体规模的增大而加剧。 这种竞争加剧的结果之一是，在许多灵长类动物中， 大的群体每天比小的群体走得更远。 然而，并非所有物种都对群体规模的增加做出反应， 每天走更远的路 事实上，灵长类动物可以 明确区分他们是否增加了他们的一天 范围随着组大小的增加而增加。 这一划分也将 很明显，沿着统治阶层的力量， 团体（一种竞赛形式）。 伊斯贝尔认为，在那些增加日照范围的物种中， 随着群体规模的增加， 群体中的雌性很强壮，很容易被发现。 在 相反，在那些不增加日程长度的物种中， 随着群体规模的增加，支配等级变弱， 很难察觉。 这项研究承诺澄清一些基本问题， 社会群体中竞争的行为表现 灵长类动物

A major goal of studies in primate behavior has been to understand the causes of competitive relationships among females. Historically, attempts to explain variation in competitive relationships have focused on what has been called "contest competition," which can lead to dominance hierarchies, a major organizing theme in describing female relationships. However, field studies have now shown that greater variation in female relationships exists than is accommodated or recognized by models of contest competition alone. Also, predictions of day range size from competition models have proved inadequate to date. This project will focus on the complementary relationship of contest competition and "scramble" competition, which has not been so widely examined in the past. It has been widely accepted that intragroup competition increases as group size increases. One result of this increased competition is that in many primate species larger groups travel farther per day than smaller groups. However, not all species respond to increases in group size by traveling longer daily distances. In fact, primates can be separated clearly by whether they do or do not increase their day ranges with increasing group size. This division also separates clearly along the strength of the dominance hierarchy within groups (a form of contest competition). Isbell argues that in those species that increase day range length with increasing group size, dominance hierarchies among females within groups are strong and easily detected. In contrast, in those species that do not increase day range length with increasing group size, dominance hierarchies are weak or difficult to detect. This study promises to clarify some fundamental issues regarding behavioral expressions of competition in social groups of primates.