U.S. Science Support Program Associated with the Ocean Drilling Program

9320477 Pyle Ocean Drilling Program （ODP）是由美国国家科学基金会、法国、德国、日本、英国、加拿大和澳大利亚联盟以及欧洲科学基金会（代表比利时、丹麦、芬兰、希腊、冰岛、意大利、荷兰、挪威、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士和土耳其）资助的一项海洋地球科学基础研究国际项目。科学钻井作业始于1985年，当时一艘最先进的商业钻井船SEDCO/BP 471进行了科学钻井改造。这艘船被重新命名为“JOIDES决议号”，在每次为期两个月的巡航中，将搭载来自成员国的50名科学家、学生和技术人员。该决议是一项独特的国际资源，代表着能够在世界海洋中取芯沉积和地壳物质的唯一科学设施。此外，ODP开发的地球化学和地球物理测井能力在工业界和学术界都是无与伦比的。ODP是由美国国家科学基金会和联合海洋研究所公司（JOI）签订的合同管理的。JOI与德克萨斯a&m大学签订了科学支持和钻井船作业管理的分包合同，与哥伦比亚大学的Lamont-Doherty地球观测站签订了测井项目管理的分包合同。该项目的前52个阶段研究了赤道和极地地区全球气候变化的历史、大陆裂谷的早期阶段、活动边缘沉积物中的流体流动以及海洋地壳的组成和变化。从挪威海、东赤道大西洋和威德尔海采集的沉积物样本记录了大约300万年前冰川条件的同步变化，标志着北半球冰川作用的开始。在南极边缘的钻探已经将大陆冰川作用的历史追溯到至少早渐新世，也可能是晚始新世，也就是4200万年前。西北印度洋的钻探结果被用来将季风环流的开始与喜马拉雅山的隆起联系起来。裂谷大陆边缘的地震反射记录经常记录平行的倾斜反射体。在挪威边缘的ODP钻探表明，这些反射物是在大陆裂谷期间形成的玄武岩流，随着裂谷的进行，化学成分逐渐从大陆转变为海洋。沿着安的列斯群岛、秘鲁海沟、日本海沟以及加拿大和俄勒冈州的卡斯卡迪亚边缘进行钻探，已经记录了流体运输对边缘沉积物变形和改变的重要性。钻井和仪器技术的新发展使得对未沉积的海洋地壳取心成为可能。一个深入印度洋下部海洋地壳500米的地核记录了沿印度洋扩张中心岩浆房的连续形成和凝固。最令人惊讶的是这些下地壳岩石的高磁化强度，这与现有的海底磁异常形成模型不一致。在东赤道太平洋，石油开发计划署已经开始尝试使用采矿钻探技术来钻探年轻的海底。虽然最初的钻井结果令人失望，但这项海洋钻井新技术的发展将继续下去。部署用于长期测量地壳条件和过程的井下仪器包是该计划的一个重要新目标。近年来，与全球地震台网规划的密切合作，已经在ODP钻孔中初步部署了长周期数字地震仪。温度和压力传感器已经部署在Juan de Fuca Ridge的活跃热液系统和东北太平洋Cascadia边缘的现代增生楔上的钻孔中。来自这些仪器的数据正在使用潜水器和远程交通工具进行回收。1994年将在大西洋钻的钻孔中进行更多的实验。海洋钻探计划于1993年初开始在大西洋进行为期四年的钻探计划。这一时期要解决的主要科学问题包括：新近纪北极的海洋学和气候变化、大陆裂谷边缘的形成、赤道环流和生产力的变化、下地壳的组成、第三纪非冰期海平面波动的历史以及大西洋中脊沿线富金属硫化物矿床的形成。虽然钻探作业由ODP的六个成员国提供支持，但每个成员国都独立地为参与该计划的科学家的研究工作提供支持。该合同将继续支持联合海洋学研究所，为参与ODP的美国科学界提供一系列服务。这些活动包括：(1)规划活动，以完善ODP的主要长期目标，并制定实现这些目标所需的最佳钻井战略。这些活动包括支持讲习班，美国参加JOIDES（深海地球取样联合海洋学机构）小组和委员会，以及美国参加海洋钻探科学国际会议。(2)支持场地扩充和数据综合的小额合同。这为美国科学家参与非美国研究提供了支持。在机遇号船上进行现场调查和现场特定科学研究。(3)针对各级学生的教育项目：特别是强有力的研究生奖学金项目，鼓励博士候选人进行与ODP相关的研究，并鼓励他们参与钻腿。(4)为电缆再入系统提供初始操作支持，该系统由该项目开发，使科学家能够在钻井船离开该区域后使用DSDP和ODP井眼进行井下实验。(5)支持参加船上科学小组的美国科学家，并支持与发表每个钻段的初始报告相关的必要后续研究。支持ODP成果的传播。这包括专题讨论会，使科学家能够讨论ODP钻井结果并出版专题讨论会结果卷。(7)支持美国科学支持计划所需的行政管理，包括一个国家咨询委员会，为与ODP相关的美国科学活动提供指导和重点。* * *

9320477 Pyle The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) is an international program of basic research in the marine geosciences supported by the National Science Foundation, France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, a consortium of Canada and Australia, and the European Science Foundation (representing Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Iceland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey). Scientific drilling operations began in 1985, following conversion of a state-of-the-art commercial drilling vessel, the SEDCO/BP 471, for scientific drilling. Renamed the JOIDES Resolution, the vessel carries fifty scientists, students, and technicians from the member countries on each of its two-month cruise legs. The Resolution is a unique international resource, representing the only scientific facility capable of coring sedimentary and crustal material in the world's oceans. Additionally, the ODP has developed a geochemical and geophysical logging capability which is unsurpassed in industry or academia. The ODP is managed through a contract between NSF and the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc. (JOI). JOI has subcontracts with Texas A&M University for management of scientific support and drillship operations, and with Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University for management of the logging program. The first 52 legs of the program have examined the history of global climate change in the equatorial and polar regions, the early stages of continental rifting, fluid flow in sediments of active margins, and the composition and alteration of the oceanic crust. Sediment samples cored from the Norwegian Sea, eastern equatorial Atlantic, and Wedell Sea record synchronous change to glacial conditions approximately 3 million years ago which marked the beginning of northern hemisphere glaciation. Drilling on the Antarctic margin has traced the history of continental glaciation back to at least the early Oligocene and possibly late Eocen e, 42 million years ago. Drilling results in the northwest Indian Ocean are being used to correlate the initiation of monsoon circulation with uplift of the Himalayas. Seismic reflection records from rifted continental margins often record parallel, dipping reflectors. ODP drilling on the Norwegian margin has shown that these reflectors are basalt flows that form during continental rifting and gradually change in chemistry from continental to oceanic as rifting proceeds. Drilling along the Antilles, Peruvian, Japanese trenches, as well as the Cascadia margin off Canada and Oregon, has documented the importance of fluid transport to the deformation and alteration of margin sediments. New ODP developments in drilling and instrument technology have allowed coring of unsedimented oceanic crust. A 500-meter core into the lower oceanic crust of the Indian Ocean records the successive formation and solidification of magma chambers along the Indian Ocean spreading center. A major surprise was the high magnetization of these lower crustal rocks, which is at odds with existing models for the formation of sea-floor magnetic anomalies. In the eastern equatorial Pacific ODP has initiated attempts to use mining drilling techniques to drill young ocean floor. Although the initial drilling results were disappointing, development of this new technology for ocean drilling will be continued. Deployment of down-hole instrument packages for long-term measurement of crustal conditions and processes are an important new objective of the program. In recent years, close collaboration with Global Seismic Network planning has lead to initial deployment of long-period, digital seismometers in ODP boreholes. Temperature and pressure sensors have been deployed in holes drilled into an active hydrothermal system on the Juan de Fuca Ridge and a modern accretionary wedge on the Cascadia Margin in the Northeast Pacific. Data from these instruments are being recovered using submersib les and remote vehicles. Additional experiments will be deployed in boreholes drilled in the Atlantic Ocean in 1994. The Ocean Drilling Program began a four year drilling program in the Atlantic Ocean in early 1993. The major scientific problems to be addressed during this period include oceanographic and climate change of the Arctic during the Neogene, the formation of rifted continental margins, changes in equatorial circulation and productivity, the composition of the lower crust, the history of sea-level fluctuations during non-glacial periods of the Tertiary, and the formation of metal-rich sulfide deposits along the Mid- Atlantic Ridge. Although drilling operations are supported by the six members of the ODP, each member country independently provides support for the research efforts of its scientists participating in the program. This award will continue support to the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc. to provide a number of services in support of the U.S. Scientific community involved in the ODP. These activities include: (1) Planning activities to refine the major long-range objectives of the ODP and develop the optimal drilling strategies needed to achieve these objectives. These activities include support for workshops, U.S. participation in JOIDES (Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling) panels and committees, and U.S. participation in international conferences on scientific ocean drilling. (2) Small contracts in support of site augmentation and data syntheses. This provides support for the participation of U.S. scientists on non-U.S. site surveys and site specific science on ships of opportunity. (3) Educational programs that target students at all levels: particularly a strong graduate fellowship program that encourages PhD candidates to conduct research related to ODP and encourages their participation on drilling legs. (4) Initial operati onal support for a wireline re-entry system, developed by the program enabling scientists to use DSDP and ODP boreholes for downhole experiments after the drillship has left the area. (5) Support for U.S. scientists participating on the shipboard scientific team and for necessary follow-up studies related to publication of the Initial Report for each drill leg. (6) Support the dissemination of ODP results. This includes symposia enabling scientists to discuss ODP drilling results and to publish symposia results volumes. (7) Support for the administration required by the U.S. Science Support Program, including a national advisory committee to provide guidance and focus for U.S. science activities associated with ODP. ***