RPG: Predictors of Extreme Evaluations of Ingroup and Outgroup Members

9409921贝当古摘要通过对现有的关于极化效应的相互矛盾的研究文献的综合分析，得出了关于判断内部群和外部群成员的极端程度的几个假设。拟议的研究重点是生成刺激材料和试点数据，使PI能够在随后的拨款申请中测试三个假设：1)复杂性-极端假设，即外部组成员将受到更极端的评估，因为接受者对外部组内成员的认知复杂性低于内部组内成员；2)“害群之马”假说，即内部组内的极端成员(无论是好的还是坏的)受到的评估比同等的好或坏的外部组成员更多；3)“预期违规”假设，即组内和外部组成员的行为违反了接受者的期望，他们将受到更极端的评估。这项研究很重要，因为它有望为以下问题提供新的见解：为什么当同一行为是由自己所在团队的一名成员执行时，人们对同一行为的评估与由另一组成员执行时不同。这一现象对学术环境、工作环境和法庭中的歧视待遇都有影响。通过增加我们对这些偏见影响的性质和背后的心理过程的理解，本研究将使我们处于更好的位置来减少它们。***

9409921 Bettencourt ABSTRACT Several hypotheses regarding the extremity of judging members of ingroups and outgroups are derived from a comprehensive analysis of the existing and contradictory research literature on polarization effects. The proposed research focuses on generating stimulus materials and pilot data that will permit the PI to test three hypotheses in a subsequent grant application: 1) the 'complexity-extremity' hypothesis that outgroup members will be evaluated more extremely because perceivers have lower cognitive complexity regarding out-groups than in-groups; 2) the 'black sheep' hypothesis that extreme members of ingroups (both good and bad) are evaluated more extremely than equivalently good or bad outgroup members; 3) the 'expectancy violation' hypothesis that ingroup and outgroup members will be evaluated more extremely to the extent that their behavior violates perceivers' expectancies. The research is important because it promises to provide new insights into the question of why people evaluate the same behavior differently when it is performed by a member of their ingroup than when it is performed by a member of another group. This phenomenon has implications for discriminatory treatment in academic settings, work settings, the courtroom. By increasing our understanding of the nature of these prejudicial effects and the psychological processes underlying them, the present research will place us in a better position to reduce them. ***