Nobel Physics and Chemistry Prizes

我们所有人都倾向于把诺贝尔奖视为科学领域卓越成就的标志。1976年以后，50多年前的诺贝尔奖记录开始变得公开，开始有了一些能让人理解奖项决定的先决条件。在之前的资助下，弗里德曼博士开始探索物理学和化学奖的历史。在这项资助下，弗里德曼博士将重点关注瑞典学院程序中与价值观和学科文化相关的问题，并研究该奖项在通过锻造身份、集体记忆和传统来传播价值观方面的用途。学科界限、目标、标准和价值观不是自然产生的；这些都是经过协商、调整，而且经常是有争议的。诺贝尔奖陷入了学科政治。在揭开诺贝尔奖——它的颁发和它的各种用途——的神秘面纱的过程中，弗里德曼博士试图阐明，在20世纪的科学中，尤其是在奖励和卓越的概念方面，价值观是如何协商的；庆祝的是谁？庆祝的是什么类型的成就？本研究将展示个人如何以及为什么尝试以不同程度的成功来塑造和适当的诺贝尔奖制度，以促进瑞典和国外的学科和文化议程：卓越政治的历史。当分配荣誉和声誉的政治变得可见时，人们如何理解奖励和卓越？当知识本身最初的道德参照被竞争文化和市场价值所损害时，诺贝尔庆祝那些“造福人类”的愿望在今天又该如何被看待呢？

Friedman All of us tend to regard the Nobel prize as an indicator of ultimate excellence in science. Some preconditions to begin making sense of the prize decisions first became available after 1976 when Nobel proceedings over 50 years old became accessible. Under his previous grants, Dr. Friedman began exploring the history of the physics and chemistry prizes. Under this grant, Dr. Friedman is bringing into focus issues related to values and disciplinary cultures within the Swedish Academy's procedures as well as examining uses of the prize in transmitting values through attempts at forging identity, collective memory, and tradition. Disciplinary boundaries, goals, standards, and values do not occur naturally; these are negotiated, adapted, and often contested. Nobel prizes became enmeshed in disciplinary politics. In de-mystifying the Nobel prize -- its awarding and its various use -- Dr. Friedman seeks to illuminate how values have been negotiated in 20th century science especially with respect to concepts of reward and excellence; who is celebrated and for what types of achievements? This study will show how and why individuals attempted, with varying degrees of success, to fashion and appropriate the institution of the Nobel prize for furthering disciplinary and cultural agendas in Sweden and abroad: a history of the politics of excellence. How might reward and excellence be understood when the politics of assigning credit and renown are made visible? How might Nobel's wish to celebrate those who have conferred "benefit on mankind" be regarded today when the original moral referent of knowledge for its own sake is compromised by a culture of competition and market-place values?