Property Rights and Conflict in the Brazilian Amazon

这项研究以先前的项目“巴西边境的财产权和土地使用”为基础，考察了在亚马逊地区为土地提供财产权时发生暴力的情况及其对土地价值、土地使用和投资以及保有权的经济影响。这是一个重要的专题，因为有保障的土地保有权越来越被视为投资的一个重要条件，以及如何最终开发自然资源，特别是发展中国家的森林和生物多样性。问题是，哪些政策将定期提供保有权以支持经济发展，这一过程在什么时候可能导致冲突和暴力，经济租金的消散和自然资源的过度开采？对于一个以大多数标准衡量都很贫穷的人来说，对于一个拥有丰富自然资源的地区来说，土地保有权政策及其与亚马逊暴力的潜在联系是一个需要进一步科学研究的关键问题。该项目涉及收集和分析关于暴力和土地租赁的两个未被利用的数据来源。使用这些数据和其他人口普查数据，将审查暴力、地价、保有权和投资之间的相互作用。分析将涉及一种两阶段计量经济学技术，该技术已经开发出来，用于研究土地价值、保有权、投资和暴力之间的同时关系。还将从二手来源收集有关亚马逊结算和租赁的政策形成的额外数据。此外，申领土地的人将在该地区接受调查，该地区享有政府对牧场的主要补贴，也是1970至1985年间因土地暴力冲突而死亡人数最多的地区。这些补贴很重要，因为它们大大提高了预期的土地租金，并可能鼓励牧场主和小规模索赔人或棚户区居民迅速和相互冲突地解决该地区的问题。此外，负责土地所有权分配的土地机构可能没有及时提供可靠的土地所有权。这将增加对土地及其自然资源的混乱和过度开采。*通过这些调查和对结果的分析，我们可以确定围绕土地财产权的暴力发生的条件及其对地价和投资的影响。泰兰迪亚将提供1992年至1996/1997年期间定居者的时间序列数据(保有权、地块大小、土地价值、投资、年龄、性别、教育和其他社会经济特征、距市场的距离、财富)，这将对其他研究人员有价值。我们已收集了六个地点在一九九二至九三年度对249名小业主的调查数据。对这一组中的一部分进行重新调查将使我们能够观察到营业额和合并、投资和地价的变化。随着巴西总体经济增长的加快，我们预计亚马逊地区的活动会更多。巴西的亚马逊河仍然很大程度上没有人居住，被森林覆盖。最近来自陆地卫星图像的估计表明，大约10%的巴西亚马逊地区被砍伐。因此，现在让政策影响该地区大部分地区的命运还不算太晚。关于亚马逊的解决以及随之而来的冲突，已经写了很多东西。缺少的是关于何时何地发生冲突的文件以及对暴力的决定因素和影响的分析。研究小组开发了该区域的技能和知识、保有政策、一次和二次数据来源以及调查技术。

This research builds on a previous project, "Property Rights and Land Use on the Brazilian Frontier", by examining the circumstances under which violence occurs in providing property rights to land in the Amazon and its economic impact on land values, land use and investment, and tenure. This is an important topic because secure land tenure increasingly is viewed as an important condition for investment and how natural resources are ultimately exploited, particularly forests and biodiversity in developing countries. The question arises, what policies will provide tenure routinely to support economic development and when is the process likely to lead to conflict and violence with the dissipation of economic rents and over exploitation of natural resources? For a people who are poor by most standards and for a region with rich natural resources, tenure policies and their potential link to violence in the Amazon is a critical issue in need of further scientific study. This project involves collecting and analyzing two unexploited sources of data on violence and land tenuring. Using these data along with other census data, the interaction among violence, land value, tenure, and investment will be examined. The analysis will involve a two stage econometric technique that has been developed to examine the simultaneous relationships among land value, tenure, investment, and violence. Additional data will also be collected from secondary sources on policy formation regarding Amazon settlement and tenuring. In addition, land claimants will be surveyed in a region which enjoyed major government subsidies for ranching and also experienced the most deaths from violent conflict over land between 1970-1985. These subsidies are important because they significantly raised expected land rents and may have encouraged rapid and conflicting settlement of the region by both ranchers and by small claimants or squatters. Moreover, land agencies responsible for titling, may not have provided secure title to land in a timely fashion. which would have added to chaotic and over exploitation of the land and its natural resources. *** From these surveys and the analysis of the results, we can determine the conditions under which violence over property rights to land occurs and its impact on land value and investment. Tailandia will provide a time-series data set on settlers (tenure, plot size, land value, investment, age, sex, education and other socio-economic characteristics, distance to market, wealth) from 1992 through 1996/1997 that will be valuable to other researchers. We already have assembled survey data for six sites for 1992-93 for 249 small holders. The resurvey of part of this group will allow us to observe changes in turnover and consolidation, investment, and land value. With increased economic growth in Brazil in general, we expect greater activity in the Amazon. The Amazon in Brazil is still largely unsettled and covered with forest. Recent estimates from land satellite imagery indicate that approximately 10 percent of the Brazilian Amazon is deforested. It is thus not too late for policy to affect the fate of much of the region. Much has been written about the settlement of the Amazon and the attendant conflict associated with it. What is lacking is documentation as to where and when conflicts arose and an analysis of the determinants and impact of violence. The research team has developed skills and knowledge of the region, tenuring policies, primary and secondary data sources, and survey technqiues.