Doctoral Dissertation Research: Research and Discovery in the Southern Oceans

有了哈勃太空望远镜、超导超级对撞机、人类基因组计划和LIGO，我们常常认为“大”科学是20世纪的产物，主要是在物理学或天文学领域。然而，历史上最悠久的“大”科学是海洋学。即使在今天，NSF和NOAA也必须花费数百万美元来建造海洋研究船只和设备。探险仍然非常昂贵。然而，至少三个世纪以来，各国一直在投资大型远洋科学考察。这些探险的表面原因是知识的进步和随之而来的科学知识带来的经济发展。然而，即使在今天，这些航行也服务于政治、商业和科学目的。例如，海洋边缘钻探不仅增进了我们对海底的了解，还告诉我们海底可能有哪些矿物可供我们的公司“开采”，并支持我们在海洋法条约谈判中的立场。在盖森博士的指导下，凯尔曼正在研究绘制太平洋和南大洋地图的法国科学航行浪潮。他的重点是分析在巴黎计划并在船上实施的科学项目，利用大量未发表的日志和其他手稿来源。他正在探索科学对这些航行的意义，寻找个别学科的方式，以及与探险背后各种力量相互作用的一般方法。他把这些航行放在法国海外勘探和开发的政治、商业和哲学目标的更大背景下。这些航行的科学成果往往反映了背后力量的多样性。在自然史中，对人类多样性的新关注导致了人类学的出现。在水文学和地理学中，采用了新的数学方法和标准。量化和精确的新精神既是这些探险的动机，也是其结果。这个项目将赋予“科学航行”一词新的意义，并展示“科学”是如何代表一种特定的方法和方法，对学院、国家和商业都同样有用。

Geison/Kellman: Doctoral Dissertation Research With the Hubble Space Telescope, the Super-conducting Super Collider, the Human Genome Project and LIGO, we frequently think that "Big" science is a product of the 20th century and principally in the area of physics or astronomy. A science with the longest history of "big" science, however, is oceanography. Even today, NSF and NOAA must spend millions of dollars to construct oceanographic vessels and equipment. Expeditions remain extremely expensive. Yet nations have invested in major ocean-going scientific expeditions for at least three centuries. The ostensible reason for these expeditions is the advance of knowledge and the concomitant economic development that comes from scientific knowledge. Yet even today, these voyages serve political and commercial as well as scientific purposes. Ocean margin drilling, for example, not only advances our understanding of the ocean floors but tells us what minerals may be on the ocean floor that our companies might "mine" and supports our positions in the negotiations over Law of the Sea treaties. Mr. Kellman, under the direction of Dr. Geison, is examining the wave of French scientific voyages that charted the Pacific and southern oceans. His focus is an analysis of the scientific projects planned in Paris and carried out on board, using the wealth of unpublished logbooks and other manuscript sources. He is exploring the meaning of science for these voyages, looking for the way individual disciplines, as well as general methodology interacted with the various forces behind the expedition. He sees these voyages in the greater context of the political, commercial and philosophical aims of French overseas exploration and development. The scientific results of these voyages often reflect the diversity of forces behind them. In natural history, a new focus on the varieties of humans led to the emergence of anthropology. In hydrography and geography, new methods and standards of mathematical r igor were adopted. A new ethos of quantification and precision served as both a motivation and a result of these expeditions. This project will give a new sense to the term "scientific voyages" and show how "science" came to stand for a particular approach and set of methods, equally useful to the academies, to the state, and to commerce.