Air-Sea Coupling Mechanisms in Tropical Cyclones

谢伊：美国天气研究计划（USWRP）是一项跨部门活动，旨在开展和实施必要的研究，以改善向全国提供的天气服务。根据该计划，国家科学基金会、国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）、国家航空航天局（NASA）和海军研究办公室将联合评估和支持USWRP的高优先级研究。USWRP的主要目标之一是进行必要的研究，以改进飓风的轨迹和强度预报。本研究的目的是提高对海气相互作用在改变热带气旋近地面风结构中的作用的认识。特别重要的是，当热带气旋经过环绕美国东海岸和墨西哥湾各州的温暖海洋特征时，了解这些相互作用的作用。具体研究目标是：(a)确定暖核海洋涡旋的位置和热含量；(b)研究暖海洋特征对太平洋冷带中增强的表面应力、通量和波浪的强迫作用，以及太平洋冷带反馈对太平洋冷带的作用；(c)量化海温混合和水平平流与盐度梯度的作用，包括OPBL的质量、热量和盐收支。研究方法包括基于卫星遥感的海洋监测计划，以探测夏季温暖的中尺度海洋特征。这些特征将通过NASA TOPEX和Geosat Follow On任务分析的海面高度异常来监测，以确定它们相对于预测风暴路径的位置。海面温度将由先进甚高分辨率辐射计监测。此外，作为NOAA飓风研究部门试验场计划的一部分，将由NOAA飞机进行大气和海洋耦合观测计划。观测将包括使用机载消耗性剖面仪测量上层洋流、温度和密度结构。在这些海洋学部署期间，亚太平流层动量、热量和水分湍流通量的同步观测在侦察和研究任务期间，将使用步进频率微波辐射计和机载c波段散射计对地面风和应力进行遥感，并可能从NASA扫描雷达高度计获得二维定向波谱。这项研究的成功完成将有助于更好地理解暖海洋上层特征对地面风变化的作用。这可能导致边界层参数化的改进和飓风强度预报的改进。＊＊＊

9714885 Shay The U.S. Weather Research Program (USWRP) is an interagency activity designed to perform and implement the research necessary to improve the delivery of weather services to the nation. Under this Program, the National Science Foundation, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Office of Naval Research are jointly evaluating and supporting research of high priority to the USWRP. One of the primary goals of the USWRP is to perform the research necessary to improve track and intensity forecasts of hurricanes. The goal of this research effort is to improve understanding of the role of air- sea interactions in modifying the near-surface wind structure of tropical cyclones. Of particular importance is to understand the role of these interactions as tropical cyclones pass over warm oceanic features that surround the United States Eastern Seaboard and the Gulf of Mexico states. Specific research objectives are: (a) Determine locations and heat content of warm core oceanic eddies; (b) Examine the forcing of warm ocean features on enhanced surface stresses, fluxes and waves in the APBL and the role of the OPBL feedback on the APBL; and (c) Quantify the roles of mixing and horizontal advection of SST and salinity gradients including the mass, heat and salt budgets in the OPBL. Research approach involves an ocean monitoring program based on satellite remote sensing to detect warm, mesoscale oceanic features during the summer months. These features will be monitored using the analyzed sea-surface height anomalies derived from the NASA TOPEX and Geosat Follow On missions to determine their locations relative to the forecast storm track. Sea surface temperatures will be monitored from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. Additionally, as part of the NOAA Hurricane Research Division experimental field program, a coupled atmospheric and oceanic ob servational program will be conducted from an NOAA aircraft. Observations will include measurement of upper ocean current, temperature and density structure using airborne expendable profilers. Concurrent observations of the turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and moisture in the APBL during these oceanographic deployments; and remote-sensing of surface winds and stresses using the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer and airborne C-Band Scatterometer, and possibly 2-dimensional directional wave spectra from the NASA Scanning Radar Altimeter will be acquired during reconnaissance and research missions. Successful completion of this research will lead to a better understanding of the role of warm upper oceanic features on surface wind variations. This may lead to improved boundary layer parameterizations and improved hurricane intensity forecasts. ***