Isotopic Reconstruction of Home Range and Migration in Extinct Mammals

小行星9725854 迁移模式、扩散和家域是现存动物生物学的重要属性，已经证明很难重建灭绝物种。 目前的方法，基于类比现代亲属，缩放关系，或埋藏多个单独的网站的解释是有争议的，或者他们缺乏解决方案。 迁移和家域在正在进行的关于灭绝易感性、物种形成率差异、地理分布模式以及捕食者和猎物之间的共同进化模式的辩论中占有突出地位。 显然，确定动物运动规模的方法是必不可少的。 锶在同位素组成方面表现出地质控制的空间变化，而氧同位素由于气候差异而在区域之间存在差异。 动物消耗植被和饮用水，并摄取当地环境特有的Sr和O同位素特征。 因此，分析个体内和个体间的同位素变异可能表明个体动物的栖息地和运动模式。 本研究分为三个部分。 首先，将通过分析沉积在来自大陆的沉积物中的海洋化石来检查牙釉质磷灰石对成岩蚀变的敏感性。 本研究将揭示生物成因的87 Sr/86 Sr、磷酸盐（18 O）和碳酸盐（18 O）值是否保存在逐渐变老的化石的生物磷灰石中，并评估蚀变的速率和机制。 这将是第一次测试锶在釉质中的同位素保真度，也是第一次尝试检查已知的磷酸盐（18 O）值是否可以从古代釉质和骨生物磷灰石中恢复。 第二项研究将利用极低的锶同位素变化在半岛佛罗里达检查家范围的大小和迁移在已灭绝的更新世长鼻类。 这项研究将揭示晚更新世长鼻动物是否有大或小的活动范围，是否进行季节性迁移，以及这些活动范围使用的属性是否在完整的冰川和晚冰川生态系统之间发生变化。 最后，有人提出，古印度猎人有效地跟踪和杀死整个大象家族群体。 这一结论的实证支持，多个死亡地点的年龄结构，一直存在争议。 在生命的最后几年沉积的釉质样本中，Sr或O同位素的差异很大，这将推翻家族群体的假设。 总的来说，同位素分析有可能为关于动物运动的旧争论带来新的曙光，它提供了一种新的方法来检测多个体样本中的时间或空间平均值。

9725854 Koch Migration patterns, dispersal, and home range are important attributes of the biology of living animals that have proven difficult to reconstruct for extinct species. Current methods, based on analogy to modern relatives, scaling relationships, or taphonomic interpretations of multiple individual sites are either controversial or they lack resolution. Migration and home range have figured prominently in ongoing debates about susceptibility to extinction, differences in speciation rates, biogeographic patterns, and patterns of co-evolution between predator and prey. Clearly, a method for determining the scale of animal movement is essential. Strontium exhibits geologically-controlled spatial variation in the isotope composition, whereas oxygen isotopes differ among regions due to climatic differences. Animals consume vegetation and drinking water and ingest the Sr and O isotope signature characteristic of their local environment. Consequently analysis of isotopic variations within and among individuals may indicate the habitat and movement patterns of individual animals. This study has three sections. First, the susceptibility of tooth enamel apatite to diagenetic alteration will be examined through analysis marine fossils deposited in sediments derived from the continent. This study will reveal if biogenic 87Sr/86Sr, phosphate (18O, and carbonate (18O values are preserved in bioapatite of progressively older fossils, and assess the rate and mechanism of alteration. This will be the first test of the isotopic fidelity of Sr in enamel, and the first attempt to examine whether known phosphate (18O values can be retrieved from ancient enamel and bone bioapatite. A second study will take advantage of the extremely low Sr isotope variability in peninsular Florida to examine home range size and migration in extinct Pleistocene proboscideans. The study will reveal if late Pleistocene proboscideans had large or small home ranges, if they undertook seasonal migrations, and if either of these attributes of range use changed between full glacial and late glacial ecosystems. Finally, it has been proposed that Paleo-Indian hunters efficiently stalked and killed entire elephant family groups. The empirical support for this conclusion, the age structure of multiple death sites, has been controversial. Large Sr or O isotopic differences among samples in enamel deposited in the last few years of life would falsify the family group's hypothesis. Overall, isotopic analysis has the potential to cast new light on old debates regarding animal movement, and it supplies a new method for detecting time or spatial averaging in a multi-individual sample.