Wilderness Policies and Cultural Values in Finland and the United States

芬兰和美国的荒野政策和文化价值作为北极圈北极地区多年来比较荒野政策的全面研究的一部分，本研究旨在分析荒野地区允许的人类利用类型，以及它们所代表的文化价值。芬兰的北部地区和美国的阿拉斯加州非常适合比较北极圈的政策。这两个国家在北极圈附近和上面都有大片土地处于相对未开发的自然状态。每个国家还建立了立法机制，将其主权控制下的土地指定为法律上的荒野。芬兰和美国的北极地区都有土著居民；芬兰北部是萨米人的故乡，而因纽特人和阿萨巴斯坎人则居住在阿拉斯加北部。尽管芬兰和美国都是北极国家，但它们在几个方面有所不同。芬兰北部的地理位置与其南部人口稠密的城市地区直接相连，而阿拉斯加则与毗连的美国分离。芬兰在建立和管理法律上的荒野方面也有较年轻的政策历史。1964年，美国国会通过了《荒野法》，1980年又通过了《阿拉斯加土地法》。芬兰议会于1991年通过了《荒野法》，将其北极地区的12个地区确立为法律上的荒野。这项研究是对环极地荒野政策的初步比较，旨在增加对三个关注领域的理解。首先，该研究描述了芬兰北部荒野地区政府政策允许的人类使用的具体类型和水平。其次，从芬兰对自然的潜在文化价值观的角度分析了这些人类用途。第三，该研究分析了阿拉斯加荒野地区的公共政策允许与芬兰的荒野地区的公共政策允许的使用，比较和对比了他们的文化方法与人类在自然中的地位。

WILDERNESS POLICIES AND CULTURAL VALUES IN FINLAND AND THE UNITED STATES As part of a comprehensive, multi-year study of comparative wilderness polices in the circumpolar north, this study is designed to analyze the types of human uses permitted in wilderness areas in terms of the cultural values they represent. Finland in its northern region and the United States in Alaska are well suited for a comparison of Arctic Circle that policies. Both countries have large amounts of land near and above the Arctic Circle that remain in a relatively undeveloped and natural condition. Each also has established legislative mechanisms to designate lands under its sovereign control as de jure wilderness. Finland and the United States have indigenous populations in their Arctic regions; northern Finland is the homeland of the Saami, while Inuit and Athabascans inhabit northern Alaska. Although Finland and the United States share the above traits as Arctic countries, they differ in several respects. The northern geography of Finland is linked directly to its southern, more populated and urban regions, while Alaska is detached from the contiguous United States. Finland also has a younger policy history of establishing and managing de jure wilderness. In 1964 the US Congress passed the Wilderness Act, and in 1980 it approved the Alaska Lands Acts. The Finnish Parliament passed its Wilderness Act in 1991, establishing 12 areas in its Arctic region as de jure Wilderness. The study, an initial comparison of circumpolar wilderness policies, seeks to increase understanding in three areas of concern. First, the study describes the specific types and levels of human uses permitted by government policies in Finland's northern wilderness areas. Second, it analyzes these human uses in terms of what they suggest about the underlying cultural values held toward nature by Finland. Third, the study analyzes uses permitted by public policies in Alaska's wilderness areas with Finland's, comparing and contrast ing their cultural approaches to the place of humans in nature.