Why Do Countries Trade? Analytical and Empirical Inquiries

9810180温斯坦国际经济学中最基本的问题是各国为什么要进行贸易。主要的理论已经非常详细地阐述了，但经验和最基本的问题还没有得到回答。这个项目对其中的一些问题做出了重要贡献：相对贡献是什么？规模经济、技术差异和禀赋差异在解释实际贸易模式方面的差异？为什么理论上站得住脚的赫克谢尔-奥林-凡内克理论会遭遇戏剧性的失败，被称为“失踪交易的谜团”？被称为“经济地理学”的新贸易理论能否帮助解释国际生产和贸易格局？更具体地说，该项目通过探索一组丰富的日本公司层面的数据来解决贸易决定因素的问题，从而解决规模经济、技术和天赋差异对理解贸易原因的相对贡献。该项目通过扩展克鲁格曼和维纳布尔斯的理论工作，通过扩大克鲁格曼和维纳布尔斯的理论工作，允许垄断竞争产品不仅作为最终产品，而且作为所有其他品种的生产的中间投入，并通过拓宽市场准入的概念，调查了由于最近在被称为“经济地理”的领域的研究而对我们理解国际专业化的贡献。最后，该项目解决了被称为“失踪贸易之谜”的问题，即一个令人惊讶的发现，即衡量的净要素贸易的阶数小于赫克谢尔-奥林-瓦内克从国家捐赠基金预测的阶数。该项目利用经合组织国家的数据库进行跨国技术差异研究。对日本全国投入矩阵中的进口系数与日本出口商小组的直接指标进行比较，将得出进一步的见解。该项目考虑了将这些洞察力推广到更广泛的国家样本的各种方式。?？

9810180 Weinstein The most fundamental question in international economics is why countries trade. The principal theories have been elaborated in great detail, but empirics and the most basic questions are unanswered. This project makes important contributions to some of these questions: What are the relative contributions? Of scale economies, technical differences, and endowment differences in explaining actual trade patterns? Why does the theoretically robust Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek theory suffer the dramatic failure that has been termed the "mystery of the missing trade"? Can the new theory of trade identified by the rubric "economic geography" help to account for the international pattern of production and trade? More specifically, the project addresses the relative contribution of scale economies, technical and endowment differences to understanding the causes of trade by exploring a rich panel of Japanese firm-level data to address the issue of the determinants of trade. The project investigates the contribution to our understanding of international specialization due to recent research in the area dubbed "economic geography," by extending theoretical work by Krugman and Venables which allows for the monopolistically competitive goods to serve not only as final outputs, but also as intermediate inputs in the production of all of the other varieties and by broadening the concept of market access. Finally, the project addresses the problem known as "the mystery of the missing trade", i.e., the surprising finding that measured net factor trade is an order smaller than that predicted by Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek from national endowments. This project pursues cross-country technological differences using databases for OECD countries. Further insights will come from a comparison between import coefficients taken from Japan's national input matrix and direct measures from a panel of Japanese exporters. The project considers a variety ways of extending these insights to a broader samp le of countries. ??