Monumental enclosures, non-megalithic and megalithic tombs of the Early and Middle Neolithic in Schleswig-Holstein: Studies on the construction history, age determination, function and landscape relations within the micro-regions of Büdelsdorf and Albersd

在Büdelsdorf/Borgstedt和Albersdorf地区，可以研究南日德兰漏斗烧烤文化的新石器时代围栏以及巨石和非巨石墓穴的功能及其在景观中的嵌入性。在上述微型区域重建新石器时代早期和中期关系的历时发展，将有助于确定社会分化过程，并有助于验证早期纪念性建筑出现的模式。在埃德尔河附近的Büdelsdorf微型地区，内部建筑的沟渠系统和巨石和非巨石墓穴的墓地早已为人所知。墓穴显示出朝向围栏的径向方向。对遗址和特征的分析提供了一个独特的机会，一方面可以同步进行洛杉矶比德尔斯多夫1号遗址两个阶段的建设活动，另一方面可以同步进行纪念性墓地的建设活动。反过来，就有可能将漏斗烧杯文化的所有不朽遗址相互关联起来。在阿尔伯斯多夫地区，自1992年以来，人们就知道有一种没有内部结构的沟渠系统。它位于几个巨石和非巨石坟墓附近的一个微小区域。墓地和围墙之间的空间关系似乎缺失了。这导致得出结论，土地利用和空间发展系统不同于在比德尔斯多夫观察到的系统。在Dieksknöll的沟渠系统、Brutkamp的多边形多角陶门和LA 56长手推车的完成发掘表明，大约在公元前3700年左右，从围栏和非巨石长手推车开始的发展序列。大约一百年后，巨石建筑首次出现。几个世纪以来，所有的建筑都是并行使用的。在Borgstedt，也可以观察到非巨石长途手推车向巨石坟墓的转变。这些纪念碑是否也在东部微型地区使用了这么长一段时间，仍有待核实。乍一看，这两个外壳似乎彼此非常不同。Albersdorf-Dieksknöll履行了纯粹的仪式功能，而Büdelsdorf可以被确定为定居点。然而，后者只涉及其第二个利用阶段。比德尔斯多夫的最初建造和第一阶段也必须在仪式的背景下看待。由于缺乏表明亵渎定居点的明确证据，阿尔伯斯多夫地区的定居点系统只能继续根据周围地区的已知结构进行间接调查。这两个微观区域之间的比较应该有助于解释似乎不同的空间规划概念的原因。因此，重建社会以及环境发展具有重要作用。通过对发展过程的精确的时间结构，将调查社会分化的特征和纪念碑的出现。

In the regions of Büdelsdorf/Borgstedt and Albersdorf, it is possible to investigate Neolithic enclosures as well as megalithic and non-megalithic tombs of the Funnel Beaker Culture of South Jutland with respect to their function and their embeddedness in the landscape. The reconstruction of the diachronic development of Early and Middle Neolithic relationships in the mentioned micro-regions will contribute to the identification of processes of social differentiation and will help to verify models of the emergence of early monumentality. In the micro-region of Büdelsdorf near the Eider River, a ditch system with interior constructions and a cemetery with megalithic and non-megalithic tombs have been long-known. The graves show a radial orientation towards the enclosure. The analysis of finds and features provides a unique opportunity to synchronise construction activities of the two-phased site Büdelsdorf LA 1, on the one hand, and at the monumental graves, on the other hand. In turn, it is then possible to correlate the whole spectrum of monumental sites of the Funnel Beaker Culture with one another. From the region of Albersdorf, a ditch system without interior constructions has been known since 1992. It is situated in a micro-region in the vicinity of several megalithic and non-megalithic tombs. A spatial relation between the graves and the enclosure seems to be missing. This leads to the conclusion that the system of land use and spatial development differed from that observed in Büdelsdorf. The completed excavations at the ditch system of Dieksknöll, the polygonal dolmen at Brutkamp and the long barrow LA 56 indicate a development sequence beginning with the enclosure and non-megalithic long barrows around 3700 BC. Megalithic constructions first followed approximately one hundred years later. All constructions were used in parallel for several centuries. A transformation of non-megalithic long barrows to megalithic graves is observable in Borgstedt as well. Whether the monuments were also used over such a long time period in the eastern micro-regions remains to be verified. Both enclosures appear to be very different from each other at first sight. Albersdorf-Dieksknöll fulfilled a purely ritual function, while Büdelsdorf can be identified as a settlement site. However, the latter only regards its second utilization phase. The initial construction of Büdelsdorf and its first phase also has to be viewed in a ritual context. Due to a lack of clear evidence indicating profane settlement sites, the settlement system of the Albersdorf region can only continue to be indirectly investigated on the basis of known structures from the surrounding area. A comparison between both micro-regions should help to explain the causes for the plausible different spatial planning concepts. Therefore, a reconstruction of social as well as environmental development plays an important role. With a precise chronological structure of the developmental processes, the character of social differentiation and the emergence of monumentality will be investigated.