Dissertation Research: Collapse and Agricultural Innovation in the Titicaca Basin Formative

在克莉丝汀·哈斯托夫博士的指导下，马修·班迪先生将为他的博士论文收集数据。他将在玻利维亚的喀喀湖盆地进行考古实地考察，研究奇里帕的形成期中心。在形成性的结束时，CA。公元550年，安第斯山脉的第一个主要史前国家出现在这一地区，其影响力遍及玻利维亚和秘鲁高原的大部分地区。这个蒂瓦纳库国家比它更著名的印加国家早了近500年。“原始国家”的例子-那些独立出现的国家，而不是对来自其他类似实体的压力作出反应的国家-是极其罕见的，人类学家研究它们是为了了解导致复杂社会的过程。在的的喀喀地区，形成时期跨越了大约一千年，在这段时间里，一般的文化轨迹朝着更大的社会规模和一体化发展。奇里帕位于未来蒂瓦纳库国家的中心，使它异常的是，它在形成期后期经历了崩溃。初步的考古数据表明，当地的社会、经济和政治机构发生了大规模的重组。与人们的预期相反，一体化的规模在缩小。在初步工作中，Bandy先生注意到定居点格局和石制凯尔特人结构的变化。今天，简易犁在安第斯山脉高地被广泛使用，Bandy先生假设，“崩溃”实际上并不是一种崩溃，而是反映了由于采用犁而导致的生存和定居模式的转变。他认为，这种简单的装置首次允许利用重湖边缘土壤，人口分散，以利用这种新技术，这种运动导致较小的定居点。然而，为这种设想提供有力支持所需的数据却缺失。在NSF的资助下，Bandy先生将开展一项综合计划，包括足部调查、系统收集形成期材料的表面、有限的测试挖掘和以问题为导向的实验室分析。 这项研究将为第一个伟大的安第斯文明的兴起提供新的线索。它还将协助培养一名有前途的青年科学家。

Under the direction of Dr. Christine Hastorf, Mr. Matthew Bandy will collect data for his doctoral dissertation. He will conduct archaeological fieldwork in the Lake Titicaca Basin of Bolivia to study the Formative Period center of Chiripa. At the close of the Formative, ca. 550 AD the first of the major Andean prehistoric states arose in this region and its influence spread over much of the Bolivian and Peruvian highlands. This Tiwanaku State preceded by almost 500 years its better known Incan counterpart. Examples of `pristine states` - those which arise independently and not in response to pressure from other similar entities - are extremely rare and anthropologists study them to understand the processes which lead to complex societies. In the Titicaca region the Formative Period spans approximately a thousand years and the general cultural trajectory during this interval it towards greater social scale and integration. Chiripa lies at the heart of the future Tiwanaku state and what makes it anomalous is that fact that it underwent a collapse during the late Formative. Preliminary archaeological data suggests a wholesale reconfiguration of local social, economic and political institutions. The scale of integration decreases, contrary to what one might expect. In preliminary work, Mr. Bandy noted changes in settlement pattern and in the configuration of stone celts. Today, simple plows are widely used in the highland Andes and Mr. Bandy hypothesizes that the `collapse` is not in fact one but reflects a shift in subsistence and settlement pattern which resulted from the introduction of the plow. He believes that this simple device for the first time permitted the utilization of heavy lake margin soils, that population dispersed to take advantage of this new technology and that this movement resulted in smaller, settlements. However the data necessary to provide strong support for such a scenario are missing. With NSF funding Mr. Bandy will carry out an integrated program of foot survey, systematic surface collection of Formative Period materials, limited test excavations and problem-oriented laboratory analyses. This research will shed new light on the rise of the first great Andean civilization. It will also assist in training a promising young scientist.