The Transfer of Effects from Conflicting First- and Second-Order Expectations across Interaction Settings

这是一项关于社会交往中二阶期望的实验研究。 二阶期望是个体在交互中对他人对个体的期望所持有的信念（例如，对个人在任务中的能力的期望）。通常，人们意识到别人对他们的期望与他们对自己的期望并不一致。 也就是说，在社会环境中，一个人和其他人的期望往往是冲突的。 例如，一个人可能认为自己是一个非常有能力的学生，但可能会发现另一个人认为她/他不是很有能力。 这个项目的重点是（1）个人如何解决他们自己的期望和他们认为别人对他们的期望之间的冲突，以及（2）解决的后果是什么，为随后的互动。这项研究在很大程度上借鉴了期望状态研究，该研究表明，个人可能会调整自己的期望，以符合他们认为别人对他们的期望。 两个实验探讨了这样的解决方案如何影响随后的相互作用。 第一个实验研究是否影响下相互作用的相互冲突的期望转移到情况下，在该人从事不同类型的任务比以前的一个（其中有冲突的期望）。第二个实验探讨了在相互冲突的期望下互动的效果是否会转移到一个人与另一个人互动的情况下（即，一个与最初期望冲突的人不同的人）。 这个项目测试的假设来自现有的研究计划和理论化的状态概括过程。它将提供新的见解，对一个人的能力的期望是如何受到相互冲突的社会期望。能力期望，反过来，可能有一个强大的影响一个人的自信和参与解决问题的群体。

This is an experimental study of second-order expectations in social interaction. Second-order expectations are the beliefs an individual holds regarding the expectations others have for the individual in the interaction (e.g., expectations regarding the individual's competence at a task). Often, individuals realize that others' expectations for them are not consistent with what the individuals expect of themselves. That is, expectations held by a person and others in a social setting often conflict. For instance, an individual may view herself/himself as a very competent student, but may discover that another person views her/him as not very competent. The focus of this project is on (1) how individuals resolve conflict between their own expectations and those they believe others hold for them, and (2) what the consequences of the resolution are for subsequent interaction. The research draws heavily on expectation states research, which indicates that individuals may adjust their own expectations to correspond to those they believe others hold for them. Two experiments explore how such a resolution might affect subsequent interaction. The first experiment examines whether effects resulting from interaction under conflicting expectations transfer to situations in which the person is engaged in a different type of task than a prior one (in which there were conflicting expectations). The second experiment explores whether effects from interaction under conflicting expectations transfer to situations in which the person is interacting with another person (i.e., a different person than the person with whom one's expectations initially conflicted). This project tests hypotheses derived from an existing program of research and theorizing on status generalization processes. It will offer new insight on how expectations regarding one's competence are affected by conflicting social expectations. Competence expectations, in turn, may have a powerful effect on a person's assertiveness and particip ation in problem solving groups.