Patenting and it's Impact on Innovation

在国家科学基金会创新和组织变革计划的支持下，本研究重点关注专利对创新的产生和使用的影响。它试图为解决专利政策问题提供一个经验基础。该项目将研究一系列相关问题。第一，哪些因素影响企业的专利行为？第二，专利对企业和产业层面进行研发的激励有何影响？专利不仅提供保护，而且通过披露还公开信息，这些信息虽然减少了保护，但可能有助于竞争对手的研发。最后，研究人员将探讨企业的知识产权战略在过去20年中发生了怎样的变化以及为什么会发生变化。一个企业层面的模型将探讨专利强度对研发和专利决策的影响。产业一级的联立方程模型将讨论专利在影响产业一级研发支出和信息流动方面的作用。公司一级的模式将处理许可证发放的决定因素。基于访谈的实地研究将为定量模型的结果提供强有力的定性测试，并提出进一步的见解。定量模型将利用现有的数据集，卡内基梅隆工业研究与发展调查，由国家科学技术政策研究所进行的日本研究与发展“姐妹”调查，以及证券数据公司的许可协议和其他“知识交易”数据库。“该项目正在与国家研究理事会的科学和技术政策委员会密切合作进行。影响知识产权保护和分享的专利、许可证和其他协议显然与广义上的创新活动有关。这项工作承诺对专利及其对组织如何解决研究和创新的影响进行深入的实证探索，同时提供美国和日本的实践和影响之间的信息比较。

With support from the National Science Foundation's Innovation and Organizational Change Program, this research focuses on the impact of patents on the generation and use of innovation. It seeks to provide an empirical basis on which to address questions of patent policy. The project will study a series of related questions. First, what factors influence the patenting behavior of firms? Second, what is the effect of patenting on the incentives to conduct R&D at firm and industry levels? Patents not only confer protection, but through disclosure also make public information that, while diminishing protection, may contribute to the R&D of rivals. Finally, the work will consider how and why firms' intellectual property strategies have changed over the past two decades.The researchers will develop three models. A firm-level model will explore the impact of patenting strength on both R&D and patenting decisions. An industry-level simultaneous equation model will address the role of patents in affecting industry-level R&D spending and information flows. A firm-level model will address determinants of licensing. Interview-based field studies will provide robust qualitative testing of the quantitative models' results, as well as suggesting further insights. Quantitative models will make use of existing data sets, the Carnegie Mellon Survey on Industrial R&D, a "sister" survey of R&D in Japan conducted by the National Institute for Science and Technology Policy, and Securities Data Corporation's database of licensing agreements and other "knowledge transactions." The project is being conducted in close cooperation with the Science and Technology Policy Board of the National Research Council.Patenting, licensing and other agreements affecting the protection and sharing of intellectual property clearly relate to innovation activities broadly construed. The work promises a thoughtful empirical exploration of patents and their effects on how organizations address research and innovation, while offering informative comparisons between practices and impacts in the United States and Japan.