Doctoral Dissertation Research: Sources of of Conflict and Power Variation in Male-Female Relationship in White Sifaka (Propithecus Verreauxi Verreauxi)

动物社会中的权力通常是根据战斗能力或统治力的差异来研究的。然而，其他更经济形式的权力或杠杆可能会影响个人的权力。两性之间的关系对于研究权力特别有意义，因为交配机会和保护服务可以在男性和女性之间交换，而且通常不能通过武力获得。本研究的目的是探讨一些权力相关的因素，可以导致男女关系的变化。本研究将探讨杠杆作用（基于雌性生殖状态和雄性与雌性的比例）和优势（基于战斗能力）对白色狐猴雌雄关系的影响。白色狐猴是研究雌雄关系的理想物种。首先，雄性和雌性的战斗能力不会有差异，因为它们的大小相同。尽管如此，雌性狐猴有优先获得资源的权利，并且经常对雄性具有攻击性。第二，繁殖状态对雌雄关系的影响可以在不依赖激素分析的情况下确定，因为狐猴的交配季节很短。第三，诸如观察捕食者、报警和防御捕食者等服务可能是交换狐猴的重要货币。最后，这些狐猴生活在社会群体中，其中雄性与雌性的比例因群体而异。这些特征表明，优势的影响将减少，杠杆效应将更容易观察到在这个species.Sex比，行为和身体大小的数据将收集4观察员6个焦点组不同性别比在马达加斯加Kirindy森林从2000年10月至2002年3月。每月将对社区进行人口普查。为了评估每个个体使用力量的能力，研究期间将收集4次身体大小和状况数据，并与犬的大小数据相结合。这项研究的更广泛意义包括更好地了解所有哺乳动物的男女关系，在交配系统之外缺乏广泛的理论框架。此外，男女关系在人类社会进化的假设中发挥了重要作用。服务的交换，如父母照顾和杀婴保护，可能导致了两性之间的某种联系。利用经济和政治理论，这个跨学科的项目试图更好地了解人类社会的进化，通过测试这些理论在一个物种中，男性和女性是相同的大小，因此，非支配权力可以最好地研究。

Power in animal societies is typically studied in terms of differences in fighting abilities, or dominance. However, other more economic forms of power, or leverage, may influence an individual's power. Relationships between the sexes are particularly interesting for studying power because mating opportunities and protection services may be exchanged between males and females and often cannot be taken by force. The objective of this research is to examine some power-related factors that can lead to variation in male-female relationships. This study will examine the effects of leverage (based upon female reproductive status and the ratio of males to females) and dominance (based upon fighting ability) on male-female relationships in white sifaka. The white sifaka is an ideal species for studying male-female relationships. First, males and females are not expected to differ in their fighting abilities because they are the same size. Nevertheless, female sifaka have priority of access to resources and often are aggressive towards males. Second, the effects of reproductive status on male-female relationships can be determined without depending upon hormone analysis because sifaka have a very short mating season. Third, services such as watching for predators, alarm calling, and defense against predators may be an important currency for exchange for sifaka. Finally, these lemurs live in social groups where the ratio of males to females varies across groups. These characteristics suggest that the effects of dominance will be reduced and that leverage effects will more easily be observed in this species.Sex ratio, behavioral, and body size data will be collected by 4 observers on 6 focal groups with different sex ratios at Kirindy forest in Madagascar from October 2000-March 2002. Neighborhoods will be censused monthly. To estimate each individual's ability to use force, body size and condition data will be collected 4 times during the study and combined with canine size data.The broader implications of this research include a better understanding of male-female relationships in all mammals, where a broad theoretical framework is lacking outside of mating systems. Moreover, male-female relationships have played a prominent role in hypotheses about human social evolution. The exchange of services, such as parental care and infanticide protection, may have led to some sort of bonding between the sexes. Using economic and political theory, this interdisciplinary project attempts to better understand human social evolution by testing these theories in a species where males and females are the same size, and hence, non-dominance power can best be studied.