Developing a Taxonomy of Decision Modes

摘要*000079664(提案编号)Elke Weber最近在决策方面的工作扩展了人们如何做出决策的概念。许多研究人员现在超越了经济学家使用的理性选择框架或心理学家传统上使用的认知信息集成框架。随着作为成本收益分析的传统决策概念的扩展，研究人员发现决策者采取的各种方式不能用成本和收益来描述(比奇和米切尔，1990年；吉伦泽，托德和集团，1999年；哈蒙德，1996年；克莱恩，1998年；耶茨和李，1996年)。在某些情况下，这些替代决策模式甚至被设计成防止成本-收益计算(1994年3月；普莱克和赫恩斯坦，1991)。Yates和Lee(1996)创造了决策模式一词，用来描述不同的决策策略。鉴于人们对决策方式的新的多元化观点，是时候着眼于更大的图景，仔细检查人们使用的决策模式的范围了。在当前决策研究的环境下，谨慎地发展决策模式分类将是对该领域的重要贡献。拟议研究的一个中心目标是开发一个全面的决策模式分类法和一个可用于识别和区分属于每种模式的决策过程的通用词汇。提出的分类方法包括四种决策模式，即基于成本收益的决策模式、基于认知的决策模式、基于情感的决策模式和基于理性的决策模式。每种模式都有其注意焦点、主要的认知和情感过程以及心理表征方面的特点。这种决策模式分类的进一步发展将涉及更准确地刻画不同决策模式的区别属性，并开发能够更明确地证明这些定性不同模式的存在的实验程序。第二个目标是更好地理解决定何时以及为什么使用特定模式的因素。这就需要开发一种与决策模式分类学直接相关的隐含决策模式选择模型。在特定情况下采用哪种决策模式既取决于以人为中心的因素(即认知和情感过程)，也取决于情景因素。识别和确定影响决策模式选择的因素将是重要的，不仅因为更好地理解决策过程在理论上是有趣的，而且还因为假设选择一种或另一种决策模式会影响最终的决策结果。这项拟议的研究有可能将关于人类动机、认知和情感过程的性质和功能以及心理表征的现有知识整合到一个适应性决策框架中。拟议的框架比它的前身要广泛得多，无论是它对人们试图优化的标准的规范，还是对人们可以支配的战略和过程的规范。这样的框架有可能指导和关注该领域的新研究。

Abstract ***000079664 (proposal number)Elke WeberRecent work in decision making has expanded the notion of how people make decisions.Many researchers now look beyond the rational choice framework used by economists orthe cognitive information integration framework traditionally used by psychologists.With the expansion of the traditional notion of decision-making as a cost-benefitanalysis, researchers are finding that decision makers act in a variety of ways thatcannot be described in terms of costs and benefits (Beach & Mitchell, 1990;Gigerenzer, Todd, & Group, 1999; Hammond, 1996; Klein, 1998; Yates & Lee, 1996). Insome cases, these alternative decision-making modes are even designed to preventcost-benefit calculations (March, 1994; Prelec & Hernstein, 1991). Yates and Lee(1996) coined the term decision modes to describe qualitatively different strategiesfor arriving at a decision.Given the new plurality of views on the ways that people make decisions, it is time totake a look at the bigger picture and to carefully examine the range of decision modesthat people use. In the current climate of decision making research, the carefuldevelopment of a taxonomy of decision modes will be an important contribution to thefield. A central objective of the proposed research is to develop a comprehensivetaxonomy of decision modes and a common vocabulary that can be used to identify anddistinguish decision making processes that fall within each mode. The proposedtaxonomy includes four decision modes, i.e., cost-benefit-based, recognition-based,affect-based, and reason-based. Each mode is characterized in terms of itsattentional focus, primary cognitive and affective processes, and mentalrepresentations. The further development of this decision mode taxonomy will involvemore precisely characterizing the distinguishing attributes of different decisionmodes and developing experimental procedures able to demonstrate more unequivocallythe existence of these qualitatively different modes. A second objective is to establish a better understanding of the factors thatdetermine when a particular mode will be used and why. This requires the developmentof a model of implicit decision mode selection that is directly related to thedecision mode taxonomy. Which decision mode is used in a given situation ishypothesized to depend both on person-centered factors (i.e., cognitive and affectiveprocesses) and on situational factors. Identifying and characterizing the factorsthat influence decision mode selection will be important not only because it istheoretically interesting to better understand the decision making process, but alsobecause the selection of one or the other decision mode is hypothesized to influencethe final decision outcome. The proposed research has the potential to integrate existing knowledge about humanmotivation, the nature and function of cognitive and affective processes, and mentalrepresentation into an adaptive decision making framework. The proposed framework isfar broader than its precursors in both its specification of the criteria on whichpeople are trying to optimize and its specification of the strategies and processes atpeople's disposal. Such a framework has the potential to guide and focus newresearch in the field.