A new phylogeographic perspective on a classical refugial area - colonization patterns and geneflow of spectacled salamanders (genus Salamandrina) in Italy

半岛意大利被认为是欧洲主要的冰河时期避难所之一。各种意大利类群的系统地理学研究发现，最南端（卡拉布里亚）港口更强烈的分化谱系相比，北方地区。我们计划阐明两种不同种类的蝾螈，Salamandrina perspicillata和S。terdigitata，是意大利特有的。这些谱系在几百万年前分裂，而S。perspicillata仅分布于北方，S.三趾龙仅限于南方。人们会期望南部物种的遗传多样性要高得多，但这些物种的地理分布的初步数据表明，遗传多样性的模式是在同地两栖动物物种中发现的完全不一致。两个物种的遗传分化似乎都很低。因此，尽管它们有独立的进化历史，但在这两个物种的区域内，相似或可能相同的机制一定独立地塑造了种群结构。此外，我们还将分析细尺度群体遗传结构。perspicillata在Lepini山脉，以帮助了解水平的遗传多样性和基因流的空间尺度上的扩散（子）种群，其中生态和生活史参数是众所周知的。这项研究在样本量和分析的标记物数量方面是前所未有的，我们希望在不同的地理尺度上找到一个真实的人口统计学历史的良好近似。

Peninsular Italy is considered one of the main ice-age refugia of Europe. Phylogeographic studies of various Italian taxa have found that the southernmost part (Calabria) harbors more strongly differentiated lineages compared to northern regions. We plan to elucidate the evolutionary history of the two distinct species of spectacled salamanders, Salamandrina perspicillata and S. terdigitata, which are endemic to Italy. These lineages split several million years ago and while S. perspicillata is only found in north, S. terdigitata is restricted to the south. One would expect much higher genetic diversity in the southern species, but preliminary data on the phylogeography of these species indicate a pattern of genetic diversity that is in complete discordance with those found in syntopic amphibian species. Genetic differentiation seems remarkably low in both species. Thus, despite their independent evolutionary history, similar or maybe the same mechanisms must have shaped the population structure within the area of both species independently. Additionally, we will analyze the finescale population genetic structure of S. perspicillata in the Lepini Mountains to help understand the level genetic diversity within and gene flow on the spatial scale of dispersal among (sub)populations, for which ecological and life-history parameter are well known. This study will be unprecedented in regard to sample size and numbers of markers analyzed, and we expect to find a good approximation of the true demographic histories on different geographic scales.