Family Environment and Intergenerational Mobility

家庭是代际流动的重要机构。家庭价值观影响后代对市场技能的习得。家庭的社会和经济地位既影响技能的习得，也影响下一代接触位高权重的人的机会。有人认为，家庭和社区特征的差异最终导致了种族工资不平等的加剧，这种不平等始于20世纪80年代初，并一直持续到今天。研究人员还认为，民族和种族资本，即人口群体的平均社会或经济福利水平，与父母和社区的社会经济地位相互作用，决定了代际流动性。本研究项目将有关家庭环境（即家庭价值观/行为与家庭社会经济地位的结合）和代际不平等的文献与种族和性别不平等的性质和程度的探索结合起来。据此，本文研究了四个问题。首先，童年的家庭价值观和家庭地位对年轻人的社会和经济成就有影响吗？其次，考虑到童年家庭环境的个体差异，能否消除年轻成年工人福利中的种族和性别差异？第三，童年家庭环境对年轻人幸福感的相对重要性是否因种族和性别群体而异？第四，社会经济地位的代际传递是否存在种族和性别差异？为了回答这些问题，该研究项目检查了家庭价值观和家庭经济和社会地位对四个种族性别群体的教育程度、年收入、财富（房屋价值）和年就业时间的影响：非裔美国女性和男性、白人女性和男性。

Families are crucial institutions for intergenerational mobility. Family values influence the acquisition of marketable skills by offspring. Family social and economic status affects both skill acquisition and the next generation's access to individuals embedded in positions of authority and power. It has been argued that differences in family and neighborhood characteristics are ultimately for increasing racial wage inequality that began in the early 1980s and that remains with us today. Researchers have also argued that ethnic and racial capital, that is, a demographic group's average level of social or economic wellbeing, interacts with parental and neighborhood socioeconomic status to determine intergenerational mobility. This research project unites the literature on family environment (that is, the combination of family values/behaviors and family socioeconomic status) and intergenerational inequality with an exploration of the nature and extent of racial and gender inequality. Accordingly, this paper investigates four questions. First, do childhood family values and family status matter for young adult social and economic outcomes? Second, does accounting for individual differences in childhood family environment eliminate racial and gender differences in the wellbeing of young adult workers? Third, does the relative importance of childhood family environment on young adult wellbeing vary across racial and gender groups? Four, are there racial and gender differences in the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status? To answer these questions, the research project examines the impact of family values and family economic and social status on educational attainment, annual earnings, wealth (home value), and annual hours of employment for four race-sex groups: African American females and males, white females and males.