Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Leadership Strategies in the Halaf Period, Southeastern Turkey, 5300-4500 BC

在吉尔·j·斯坦（Gil J. Stein）博士的指导下，作为博士论文研究的一部分，拉娜·奥兹巴尔（Rana Ozbal）将共同指导土耳其东南部哈拉夫时期遗址Tell Kurdu的发掘工作。传统上，公元前五千年的哈拉夫社会被认为是由小规模的农业社区组成的，没有明确的证据表明存在等级社会组织。在伊拉克北部哈拉夫“中心地带”的所有哈拉夫挖掘中，明显没有寺庙或宫殿等公共建筑，也没有大型村庄或城镇。然而，最近，考古学家们在学术上对调查哈拉夫“腹地”的新兴趣的推动下，开始在安纳托利亚东南部，即今天的土耳其进行研究。他们发现土耳其有几个规模前所未闻的哈拉夫遗址。这些遗址比伊拉克同期遗址（很少超过2-3公顷）大得多（10-20公顷），很可能是区域中心。多穆兹特佩是这些大型遗址中调查最深入的，发现了大量建筑综合体和复杂意识形态表现的证据。换句话说，关于安纳托利亚在哈拉夫时期由小型农业社区居住的现有观念需要重新审视。Tell Kurdu占地15公顷，是研究公元前五千年安纳托利亚社会政治组织新问题的理想场所。作为库尔都考古发掘的共同负责人，Rana Ozbal将研究该遗址的内部组织，以提供这个安纳托利亚哈拉夫中心运作的第一手资料。2001年的挖掘工作将集中在1999年的一条壕沟的扩建上，那里有一座大型纪念性建筑的遗迹。这个20 × 20米的结构的大小和建筑风格，墙壁厚度超过一米，表明它可能不是家庭住宅，可能具有公共和/或仪式意义。为了了解这座建筑的用途，Rana Ozbal将依靠两个数据来源。第一个将包括建筑产生的“传统”考古材料，如陶器、工具和其他文物。第二个信息来源将从方法论上创新的微观分析中收集，其中包括对建筑物地板的化学测试以及对嵌入的微型文物（小于1平方厘米的文物）的回收和识别。这种综合研究方法将为推断这座不寻常建筑的功能提供更精细的解决方案，从而了解哈拉夫社会的组织复杂性。

As part of her doctoral dissertation research under the direction of Dr. Gil J. Stein, Rana Ozbal will co-direct excavations at Tell Kurdu, a Halaf Period site, in southeastern Turkey. Traditionally Halaf society of the fifth millennium BC is believed to consist of small-scale farming communities with no clear evidence for hierarchical social organization. Public buildings such as temples or palaces, as well as large villages or towns are conspicuously absent from all Halaf excavations in the Halaf "heartland" of northern Iraq. Recently however, archaeologists, prompted by a newfound academic interest to investigate the Halaf "hinterlands", have begun to conduct research in southeastern Anatolia, modern day Turkey. They have discovered that Turkey harbors several Halaf sites of previously unheard-of sizes. These sites, substantially larger (10-20 hectares) than contemporaneous sites in Iraq (rarely more than 2-3 hectares) are most probably regional centers. Domuztepe, the most intensively investigated of these large sites, yielded evidence for substantial architectural complexes and complex ideological manifestations. In other words, the existing notion that Anatolia was inhabited during the Halaf Period by small farming communities needs to be reexamined. At 15 hectares, Tell Kurdu is an ideal site to investigate new questions on the socio-political organization in Anatolia in the fifth millennium BC. As a co-field director of the Kurdu excavations, Rana Ozbal will be researching the intra-site organization of the site to provide a firsthand look at the functioning of this Anatolian Halaf center. Excavations in 2001 will focus on the expansion of a 1999 trench that yielded the remains of a large monumental building. The size and construction style of this 20 x 20 meter structure, with walls over one meter in thickness, suggest that it may be something other than a domestic residence, possibly having public and/or ritual significance.In order to understand what the building may have been used for, Rana Ozbal will rely on two sources of data. The first will consist of the 'traditional' archaeological materials that the building yields, such as pottery, tools and other artifacts. The second source of information will be gathered from methodologically innovative micro-analyses, which involve chemical testing of the building's floors and recovery and identification of embedded micro-artifacts (artifacts that are less than 1 cm2). This combined research methodology will provide a finer level of resolution for inferring the function of this unusual building and hence for understanding the organizational complexity of Halaf society.