Sociopolitical Organizaton of Chevelon Ruin and the Homol'ovi Settlement Cluster, Northeastern Arizona

在国家科学基金会的支持下，e·查尔斯·亚当斯博士和他的同事们将在雪佛兰废墟进行三次实地考古研究。Chevelon是亚利桑那州东北部霍皮人祖居群的第三大成员，共有500个房间，统称为Homol'ovi群。从公元1250年到1400年，整个西南北部的古代普韦布洛社区发生了巨大的政治和社会变化。这种变化最明显地体现在村庄平均规模的增加上，在集群占领期间，村庄平均规模增加了两倍，达到500多个房间。在Homol'ovi集群的其他五个成员中进行了挖掘，使Adams和他的同事能够建立当地的年表，并研究与村庄发展相关的村庄重组的细节。由于该集群位于小科罗拉多河沿岸，村庄依靠河流种植作物和饮用水，因此它们在经济上相互依赖，可能在政治上也相互影响。雪佛兰位于其他村庄的上游，只有一个村庄位于雪佛兰溪沿岸，雪佛兰溪是流入小科罗拉多河的两条永久溪流之一，为该集群提供水。Chevelon与Homol'ovi的其他村庄的不同之处在于，这里的陶瓷交易量是集群以东100公里村庄的5到10倍。要么是雪佛兰与这些东部村庄有着独特的贸易关系，要么是来自这些普韦布洛人的移民住在雪佛兰。研究的重点将是定位广场空间、桥台和墙壁的连接、脊柱房间块的存在和位置，以及Chevelon仪式结构的位置，使用全站仪和墙壁追踪，然后进行挖掘。在之前对Homol'ovi村庄的挖掘中发现了一个重要的概念，我们称之为“富集矿床”。富集矿床有大量的完整和不寻常的物体，以及与仪式活动有关的高度形式化的矿床。该测试项目还将寻找含有交换陶器或雪佛龙地区特有的河岸资源的沉积物。这些沉积物与Chevelon内建筑单元的关系应该反映出社区内的财富分配以及控制这些财富的团体或家庭的性质。将对村级组织的异族、等级制、公司制和公社模式进行检验。此外，通过共享小科罗拉多河的水，村庄之间的联系表明了集群级组织。Chevelon沿着一条永久溪流的位置，可能有独特的动物和植物，其独特的陶瓷组合确定了可以与其他集群成员交换的对象。将这些物品追踪到之前挖掘的村庄，将使研究小组能够评估这些物品从雪佛兰到其他集群成员的流动情况，以及这些物品是否遵循与联盟或集群组织等级模型相关的模式。这项研究的结果将为在西南和其他地方工作的考古学家提供信息，了解非国家社会中权力和社会政治组织的物质关联和相关行为，以及这些行为如何在村庄层面之外表达。

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. E. Charles Adams and his colleagues will conduct three field seasons of archaeological research at Chevelon Ruin. Chevelon is the third largest member, at 500 rooms, of a cluster of ancestral Hopi settlements in northeastern Arizona collectively called the Homol'ovi cluster. This cluster was occupied from A.D. 1250-1400, a period of enormous political and social change in ancient Pueblo communities throughout the northern Southwest. This change is most clearly evident in increased average village size, which tripled to more than 500 rooms during the cluster's occupation. Excavation has been conducted in five other members of the Homol'ovi cluster enabling Adams and his colleagues to establish the local chronology and study details of village reorganization associated with village growth. Because the cluster is situated along the Little Colorado River and villages were dependent on stream flow for growing crops and drinking water, they were dependent on one another economically and probably interacted politically. Chevelon is located upstream from all but one of the other villages along Chevelon Creek, one of two permanent streams flowing into the Little Colorado River that provide water to the cluster. Chevelon differs from the other villages at Homol'ovi in having five to ten times more ceramics traded from villages 100 km east of the cluster. Either Chevelon had a unique trade relationship with these eastern villages or immigrants from these pueblos lived at Chevelon. The focus of the research will be to locate plaza spaces, abutment and bonding of walls, the presence and location of spinal room blocks, and the location of ritual structures at Chevelon using a total station and wall tracing followed by excavations. An important concept identified in previous excavations in Homol'ovi villages is what we term "enriched deposits." Enriched deposits have high quantities of whole and unusual objects and highly formalized deposits that are associated with ritual activity. The testing program will also look for deposits that have concentrations of exchanged pottery or riparian resources unique to the Chevelon area. The relationship of these deposits to architectural units within Chevelon should inform on the distribution of wealth within the community and the nature of groups or households controlling this wealth. Heterarchal, hierarchical, corporate, and communal models of village organization will be tested. In addition, the connection of the villages through sharing Little Colorado River water suggests cluster-level organization. The location of Chevelon along a permanent stream with potentially unique fauna and flora and its distinctive ceramic assemblage identify objects that could be exchanged with other cluster members. Tracing these objects to previously excavated villages will allow the team to assess the flow of these items from Chevelon to other cluster members and whether these follow patterns associated with confederacy or hierarchical models of cluster organization. The results of this research will inform archaeologists working in the Southwest and elsewhere on the material correlates and associated behaviors to power and sociopolitical organization within non-state societies and how these are expressed beyond the level of the village.