PREMISE: Product Realization by Closed Loop Direct Metal Deposition: Environmental and Energy Impact

该产品实现和环境制造创新系统（PREMISE）研究项目的总体目标是开发支持技术和知识，以促进闭环直接金属沉积（DMD）技术的扩散，作为相对于传统模具和模具制造工艺的能源，成本和环境改善。 虽然DMD的技术可行性已得到证明，并且该技术有望对金属和塑料行业产生重大影响，但在该技术扩散到标准实践之前，必须评估DMD的经济，能源和环境影响。经验表明，一旦一项技术得到广泛传播，并围绕该技术确立了标准做法，就很难改善其环境特性，特别是如果改善环境需要改变供应链基础设施的话。因此，重要的是在一开始就启动DMD，将其所有潜在的环境影响，成本和能源消耗降至最低，并开发一个寿命结束的回收和再利用基础设施，准备处理DMD操作产生的裤子。 为了实现上述目标，PREMISE第一阶段的研究和教育计划主要包括以下几个方面：1）比较DMD和传统模具制造的能耗、环境排放和成本，找出改进的机会; 2）将为DMD制定基于CAD/CAM的设计工具，将设计和制造考虑整合在一起（包括生态设计和制造）; 3）将为密歇根大学机械工程系的设计与制造课程设立一个“环境线程”，在当今快节奏、环保意识强的社会中消费者对产品的品味周期越来越短，制造商必须在不断降低成本的同时，以越来越短的交货期进入市场。然而，目前制造业中设计和制造模具所需的长交货期并不总是支持将产品快速推向市场的紧迫性。事实上，大型复杂的模具在准备制造产品之前需要长达一年的时间并不罕见。固体自由形式技术，如闭环直接金属沉积（DMD）提供了一个可行的替代方案。DMD使用一种或多种材料直接从CAD软件生产三维部件，包括具有几乎全密度和受控宏观和微观结构的模具和压模。

The overarching goal of this Product Realization and Environmental Manufacturing Innovative Systems (PREMISE) research project is to develop supporting technology and knowledge to facilitate the diffusion of Closed Loop Direct Metal Deposition (DMD) technology as an energy, cost, and environmental improvement relative to traditional mold and die manufacturing processes. While the technological viability of DMD is proven, and the technology is poised to have a major impact on the metals and plastics industries, DMD must be evaluated for its economic, energy, and environmental impact before the technology diffuses into the standard practice. As experience has shown, once a technology has diffused widely and a standard practice is established around it, it is difficult to improve its environmental characteristics, especially if environmental improvement requires a change to the supply chain infrastructure. Therefore it is important to launch DMD at the outset with all of its potential environmental impacts, costs, and energy consumption minimized, and to develop an end-of-life recycling and re-use infrastructure that is prepared to handle pants generated by DMD operations. During Phase I of the proposed PREMISE research and education program following major tasks will be addressed to achieve the above-mentioned goals: 1) DMD and traditional mold manufacturing will be compared with respect to their energy consumption, environmental emissions, and costs to identify' improvement opportunities; 2) CAD/CAM-based design tools will be formulated for DMD that integrate design and manufacturing considerations (including eco-design and manufacturing); 3) An "environmental thread" will be established for the design and manufacturing curriculum of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Michigan.In today's fast-paced, environmentally conscious society, the cycle of consumer taste for products is becoming shorter and shorter, necessitating manufacturers to go to market with shorter and shorter lead times while continuously reducing cost. However, the long-lead time currently required to design and fabricate molds and dies in the manufacturing industry does not always support this urgency to move products to market quickly. In fact, it is not unusual for large, complicated molds and dies to take up to a year before they are ready to manufacture a product. Solid Free Form technologies such as Closed Loop Direct Metal Deposition (DMD) offers a viable alternative. DMD produces three-dimensional components including molds and dies with nearly full density and controlled macro- and microstructure directly from CAD software using one or more materials.