Collaborative Research on the Affective Bases of Social Order

这个实验项目研究的情况下，三个或三个以上的个人互动和交换配对，以确定当他们的社会互动引起稳定和社会秩序的群体。该项目建立在社会交换的影响理论基础上，该理论认为，如果社会互动产生积极的情绪和感受，并且个人认为这些情绪和感受来自他们的群体关系，那么基于这些情绪就会形成稳定的秩序。研究了社会结构的两个方面：（i）社会交换的基本形式（交换行为之间的偶然性），以及（ii）成对个体之间的不同联系或偶然性（即，二分体）。本研究的学术价值在于：（1）全面对比了以往没有用比较的方法研究过的交换形式和个体间的联系形式;（2）加深了对情感如何中介社会结构在产生微观社会秩序中的作用的理解;（3）了解哪些形式的交换或关系联系类型促进了社会秩序，（4）对具有广泛意义的社会交换新情感理论的首次检验。在实验中，三名受试者将有机会相互交换有价值的物品。第一个实验考察了社会交换理论家确定的四种基本交换形式的影响：谈判，互惠，生产和广义。第二个实验考察了人们在交换中的三种联系形式：（i）每个人必须与其他两个人交换（包括在内），（ii）每个人可以与其他两个人中的一个或两个人交换（空），（iii）每个人只能与其他人中的一个交换（排他性）。该项目的更广泛影响包括制作和传播标准化协议和软件，以全面比较所有四种不同形式的交流，加强PI关于群体如何发展和有效运作的教学（例如，凝聚力，团队合作，承诺，冲突管理），以及本科生和研究生研究人员的培训。

This laboratory experiment project examines situations in which three or more individuals interact and exchange in pairs in order to determine when their social interactions give rise to stability and social order in the group. The project builds on an affect theory of social exchange that asserts that if social interaction produces positive emotions and feelings and individuals perceive these as emanating from their group affiliation, then a stable order develops based on these emotions. Two aspects of social structure are investigated: (i) the basic form of social exchange (contingencies between exchange behaviors), and (ii) different connections or contingencies among pairs of individuals (i.e., dyads). The intellectual merits of this research are (1) the comprehensive contrast of forms of exchange, and forms of connection among pairs of individuals, that have not been studied in a comparative way; (2) increased understanding of how emotions mediate the effect of social structure in producing micro social order; (3) knowledge of which forms of exchange or type of relational connection promote social order, and (4) the first test of a new affect theory of social exchange which has broad implications. In the experiments, three subjects will have the opportunity to exchange valued items with each other. The first experiment examines the impact of four basic forms of exchange identified by social exchange theorists: negotiated, reciprocal, productive, and generalized. The second experiment examines the three forms of connection between the people in exchanges when: (i) each must exchange with both of the others (inclusive), (ii) each can exchange with either or both of the others (null), and (iii) each can exchange only with one of the others (exclusive). The broader impacts of the project include the production and dissemination of standardized protocols and software for comprehensively comparing all four distinct forms of exchange, the enhancement of the PIs' teaching about how groups develop and come to function effectively (e.g., cohesion, teamwork, commitment, conflict management), and the training of undergraduate and graduate researchers.