The Division of Household Labor in Three-Dozen Countries

这项研究是一项关于家庭中性别不平等的决定因素和后果的跨国调查。家务劳动已成为一个重要的研究领域，因为女性独特的家庭责任已被证明使她们在职场处于不利地位。矛盾的是，家庭责任的分工既不符合经济效率，也不符合资源交换的逻辑。性别凌驾于支配人类活动其他领域的决策原则之上。尽管对家庭分工的个人层面决定因素进行了大量的研究，但对更广泛的社会背景如何影响夫妻的任务分担以及影响个人层面特征对家庭安排的影响的研究却很缺乏。本研究认为，社会性别不平等削弱了妇女在家庭中的资源的影响，并考虑了社会宏观背景下夫妻微观层面的行为。利用2002年国际社会调查计划（ISSP）的“家庭与性别角色变化III”模块和其他最新数据，该研究有三个目标：1)调查在36个社会中，伴侣特征（包括相对资源）如何影响夫妻家庭活动分工中的性别不平等；2)制订和评价国家一级的宏观性别气候措施（例如，男女政治和经济平等程度、对家庭友好政策的支持、妇女经济角色的代际变化）；3)开发和测试理论驱动的等级模型，研究一个国家更广泛的性别意识形态、政治和社会气候如何a)直接影响夫妻家庭活动的性别不平等，b)缓和个体女性资源对其家庭活动的影响，c)有助于个人对公平的看法，夫妻冲突，以及工作和家庭之间的紧张关系。本研究将使用聚类分析、对应分析和嵌套方差分析来描述和分类36个国家的家庭家庭模式。为了探索个人和国家层面变量的直接影响及其相互作用的影响，将估计一系列两级层次线性模型。个人水平方程考虑了家庭对家务劳动的需求/需要、个人可用于家务劳动的时间、资源交换措施、性别态度和控制变量。等级模型研究了国家意识形态、政治和社会气候如何直接影响夫妻家庭活动中的性别不平等，以及影响女性个人资源的影响力。国家层面的变量包括社会性别平等、意识形态、公共政策、制度化的职业模式、家庭结构和社会变化。研究结果有助于科学地理解性别不平等，帮助我们更好地理解公共政策对婚姻和家庭的影响，并鼓励对家庭行为进行跨国调查。

SES - 0350814Judith TreasUniversity of California, IrvineThis study is a cross-national investigation of the determinants and consequences of gender inequality within the household. Housework has emerged as an important area of research, because women's unique family responsibilities have been shown to place them at a disadvantage in the workplace. Paradoxically, the division of household responsibility does not conform to a logic based in economic efficiency nor in resource exchange. Gender overrides the decision-making principles that govern other areas of human activity. Despite a rich body of research on the individual-level determinants of the household division labor, research is lacking on the way in which the broader social context affects couples' task-sharing and influences the impact of individual-level characteristics on household arrangements. Arguing that societal gender inequality diminishes the influence of women's resources in the household, this research considers the micro-level behavior of couples within the macro-level context of societies. Drawing on the Family & Changing Gender Roles III module of the 2002 International Social Survey Program (ISSP) and other recent data, the study has three objectives: 1) To investigate how partner characteristics, including relative resources, affect gender inequality in the division of domestic activities within couples in three dozen societies; 2) To construct and evaluate country-level measures of the macro-level climate of gender (e.g., the degree of male-female political and economic parity, support for family-friendly policies, intergenerational change in women's economic roles); and 3) To develop and test theoretically motivated, hierarchical models that investigate how the broader ideological, political, and social climate of gender in a country a) directly impacts the gender inequality of couple's domestic activities, b) tempers the effect of individual women's resources on their domestic activities, and c) contributes to individual perceptions of equity, couple conflict, and perceived tensions between work and home. The research will use analyses use cluster analysis, correspondence analysis, and nested ANOVA to describe and classify three dozen countries in terms of household domestic patterns. To explore in direct effects of individual- and country-level variables as well as the impact of their interactions, a series of two-level hierarchical linear models will be estimated. Individual-level equations consider the household's demand/need for housework, individual's time available for housework, resource exchange measures, gender attitudes, and control variables. Hierarchical models investigate how national ideological, political, and social climates directly impact the gender inequality of couple's domestic activities and affect the influence of individual women's resources. Country-level variables include measures of societal gender parity, ideology, public policies, institutionalized career patterns, family structure, and social change. The research results contribute to scientific understanding of gender inequality, help us better understand the impact of public policies on marriage and family, and encourage cross-national investigation of household behavior.