Methods used in paleobotany and paleoentomology for the investigation of post-glacial forest history

通过对死亡树木和存活树木的年轮年代学和年轮生态学分析，可以重建森林生态系统的历史演变。典型的树木年轮模式可以建立几十年到几个世纪的年表，以了解一个森林的发展。单一的影响，如风暴，干旱，干旱，晚霜或虫害，往往可以在树木年轮中跟踪。这种分析只能通过气候数据或历史资料进行。古生态学和古植物学的方法和技术可以为森林历史提供进一步的证据。利用果实、种子和木质部分等大型生物以及花粉和孢子等微型生物，可以分析植物群落的进化。对老树桩上的木炭发现物和火痕进行年代测定，可以重建过去具有区域重要性的森林火灾。此外，结合使用花粉和化石昆虫的古植物学和古昆虫学技术可以记录历史昆虫种群与植物物种组成。在瑞典，在某些有价值的自然保护区，仍然可以对冰后期森林生态系统的发展进行深入分析。

The historical evolution of forest ecosystems can be reconstructed by means of the dendrochronological and dendroecological tree-ring analysis of deceased and living trees. Characteristical tree-ring patterns enable the building of chronologies for several decades to centuries to comprehend the development of a forest stand. Single impacts like storms, drought, floodings, late frost or insect calamities can often be tracked in tree rings. Such analyses are possible only by means of climatical data or historical sources. Methods and techniques of paleoecology and paleobotany can provide farther evidence of forest history. By the use of macrofossiles like fruits, seeds and wooden parts as well as microfossiles like pollen and spores the evolution of plant communities can be analysed. Dating of charcoal findings and fire scars on old tree stumps allows the reconstruction of regionally important forest fires in the past. Further a combination of paleobotanical and paleoentomological techniques using pollen and fossile insects can document the historical insect population together with the plant species composition. In Sweden the profound analysis of the postglacial development of forest ecosystems is still possible in certain valuable nature reserves.