NEESR-SG: Seismic Behavior, Analysis and Design of Complex Wall Systems

复杂墙体系统的抗震性能、分析和设计：项目概述钢筋混凝土结构墙通常用作新建和改造建筑的主要抗侧力系统。然而，尽管实践工程师对墙体系统的严重依赖，最近开发基于性能的设计方法的努力还没有开始解决结构墙。今天，工程师们几乎没有资源可以咨询关于使用实用的线性和非线性数值模型模拟墙壁响应或预测墙壁损坏（例如，混凝土裂缝宽度和混凝土剥落）作为工程需求的函数（例如，在某种程度上，现有的基于性能的墙体设计工具的不足是由于现有的实验数据的局限性。在NEES倡议之前，实验设施是这样的，只有简化的加载条件，加载历史，边界条件和几何形状可以在实验室中使用。此外，仪器是这样的，实验数据通常包括壁位移和端部旋转，平均应变测量和一些模拟图像显示damageprogradation。只有少数现有的实验数据表征的反应墙复杂的几何形状或受到双向荷载的历史。这些数据集都不包括用于验证高级模拟工具的高分辨率应变场，也不包括可用于量化损伤的高分辨率数字图像。没有实验研究模拟土壤和地基变形的边界条件。智力优势这里提出的研究将通过对墙系统的实验和分析研究，促进对细长墙抗震性能的理解和模拟工具，其中1）现代设计中使用的配置，2）地震荷载的代表性荷载分布，（3）考虑土-结构相互作用效应。UIUC MUST-SIM NEES设施的先进实验能力将允许逼真地模拟这些复杂的条件。作为MUST-SIM设施的一部分开发的仪器使得高分辨率监测试样位移场成为可能，这些数据对于拟议的模型开发工作是必要的。这些数据将被用来推进的状态的最先进的混凝土结构的模拟，通过纤维壳单元，可用于模拟theinelastic响应，包括局部损伤机制，三维墙壁的发展。使用高分辨率数值模型的拟议实验调查和参数研究的结果将用于推进墙系统设计的实践状态，包括开发适合于商业软件使用的弹性和简化的非弹性建模技术。此外，实验和模拟数据将用于开发基于性能的设计工具，这些工具将考虑建模的不确定性，并将工程需求参数和损坏状态联系起来。更广泛的影响结构工程专业认识到，上述局限性代表了基于性能的抗震设计规定的开发和实施中的一个重大差距。为了促进研究结果向实践的转移，一个外部咨询小组已经为该项目成立，其中包括著名的结构工程师和结构工程协会的成员。将开发一个互动网站，向地震工程专业人员、教育工作者和学生传播研究成果，以便实时查看实验测试。除了教育今天的工程师，研究团队将使用研究过程和结果来教育未来的工程师使用NEES设施的远程观测能力和设计和分析课程的教育模块。该项目团队将利用其自身的多样性和工程学院的既定计划，以达到多样化的学生群体。除了这些活动外，该团队还将与UW工程学院，UICU和MUST-SIM集团合作，通过工程开放日等活动接触K-12学生。

SEISMIC BEHAVIOR, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COMPLEX WALL SYSTEMS:PROJECT SUMMARYReinforced concrete structural walls are used commonly as the primary lateral-load resisting system fornew and retrofit construction. However, despite the heavy reliance on wall systems by practicingengineers, recent efforts to develop performance-based design methods have not yet begun to addressstructural walls. Today, engineers have few resources to consult regarding the simulation of wall responseusing practical linear and nonlinear numerical models or the prediction of wall damage (e.g., concretecrack width and concrete spalling) as a function of engineering demands (e.g., inter-story drift).In part, the inadequacy of available performance-based design tools for walls is a result of limitations inthe available experimental data. Prior to the NEES initiative, experimental facilities were such that onlysimplified loading conditions, loading histories, boundary conditions, and geometries could be employedin the laboratory. Additionally, instrumentation was such that experimental data typically include walldisplacements and end rotations, average strain measurements and a few analog images showing damageprogression. Only a few existing experimental data characterize the response of walls with complexgeometries or subjected to bi-directional load histories. None of these data sets include high-resolutionstrain fields for use in validating advanced simulation tools, nor do any of these data sets include highresolution digital images that can be used to quantify damage. No experimental investigations considerboundary conditions that simulate soil and foundation deformations.INTELLECTUAL MERITThe research proposed here will advance the understanding of, and simulation tools for, the seismicperformance of slender walls through experimental and analytical investigations of wall systems with 1)configurations used in modern design, 2) load distributions that are representative of earthquake loading,3) and consideration of soil-structure-interaction effects. The advanced experimental capabilities of theUIUC MUST-SIM NEES facility will permit realistic simulation of these complex conditions.Instrumentation developed as part of the MUST-SIM facility makes possible high-resolution monitoringof test specimen displacement fields and such data are necessary to enable the proposed modeldevelopment effort. These data will be used to advance the state-of-the-art for simulation of reinforcedconcrete structures through the development of fiber-shell elements that can be used to simulate theinelastic response, including localized damage mechanisms, of three-dimensional walls. Results of theproposed experimental investigation and parametric studies using the high-resolution numerical modelswill be used to advance the state-of-the-practice for design of wall systems including the development ofelastic and simplified inelastic modeling techniques that are appropriate for use with commercialsoftware. Additionally, experimental and simulation data will be used to develop performance-baseddesign tools that account for modeling uncertainty and link engineering demand parameters and damagestates.BROADER IMPACTThe structural engineering profession recognizes that the limitations identified above represent asignificant gap in the development and implementation of performance-based seismic design provisions.To facilitate the transfer of the research result to practice, an External Advisory Panel has been assembledfor the project that includes prominent structural engineers and members of structural engineeringsocieties. An interactive website will be developed to disseminate research results to earthquakeengineering professionals, educators and students to allow real-time viewing of experimental tests. Inaddition to educating today's engineers, the research team will use the research process and results toeducate future engineers using the tele-observation capabilities at the NEES facility and educationmodules in design and analysis classes. The project team will leverage its own diversity and establishedprograms in the colleges of engineering to reach a diverse student population. In addition to theseactivities, the team will work with college of engineering at UW, UICU and MUST-SIM group to reachK-12 students with activities such as Engineering Open House.