The Trouble with Reality: World Appropriation and World View in the Lives and Works of Leading Marxists 1871-1914

以对现实的彻底研究为基础的理论与实践的融合(卡尔·马克思)是马克思主义世界观的中心思想和最终目标。我的项目旨在重建九位主要的马克思主义政治家的经历和遭遇，以及19世纪末和20世纪初四个欧洲国家工人的生活和工作条件：德国、奥地利、法国和俄罗斯。它考察了这些马克思主义者如何评价这些经验，并将这些经验整合到他们的理论和政治实践著作中。我的项目聚焦于对现实的具体引用，以及相关来源(主要是自我文件和政治著作)中记录的同时存在的挪用现实的个人模式，我的项目认真对待马克思主义的纲领性诉诸现实：它寻求超越马克思主义单纯以理论为重点的思想史，在个人生活世界的背景下重新审视这一政治思想的谱系，并旨在分析世界挪用或认知(Weltaneignung)和世界观(Weltanschauung)在其主要主人公的生活和作品中的相互作用。分析集中在九位欧洲马克思主义者身上：卡尔·考茨基、爱德华·伯恩斯坦、罗莎·卢森堡、维克多·阿德勒、让·饶雷斯、朱尔斯·格斯德、格奥尔基·V·普莱乔夫、弗拉基米尔·I·列宁和普约特·B·斯特鲁夫，他们在理论上和政治上都在各自国家的社会民主运动中占据了领导地位。这项研究的目的是探索世界挪用和世界观之间显而易见但很少被探索的联系。受到这样一种观察的启发，即所有的主人公在他们35岁左右的时候都在他们的党内或运动中获得了领导地位，并发表了一些最有影响力的文本，我的分析重点是直到成年的个人社会化进入马克思主义。主要讨论个人的世界挪用模式(即归纳-演绎、灵活-僵化、自发-故意)是否以及以何种方式塑造和决定了一种政治世界观和政治实践的方法和手段。毕竟，在“现实感”(以赛亚·柏林)和人们可以称之为政治脾气的东西之间存在着哪种联系--例如，我们是否有理由声称：头脑越理论化，手就越激进？

The fusion of theory and practice based on the 'radical study of reality' (Karl Marx) was central thought and final goal of the Marxist worldview. My project seeks to reconstruct the experiences and encounters of nine leading Marxist politicians with the living and working conditions of workers during the late 19th and early 20th century in four European countries: Germany, Austria, France, and Russia. It investigates how these Marxists evaluated and integrated these experiences into their theoretical and political-practical writings. Focusing on concrete references to reality and the concurrent individual modes of appropriating reality documented in the relevant sources, mainly ego-documents and political writings, my project takes Marxisms programmatic recourse to reality seriously: it seeks to go beyond the mere theory-focused intellectual history of Marxism, it revisits the genealogy of this political idea in context of the individual life-worlds (Lebenswelten) and aims at analyzing the interplay between world appropriation or cognition (Weltaneignung) and world view (Weltanschauung) in the lives and works of its leading protagonists. The analysis focuses on those nine European Marxists who, both theoretically and political-practically, had risen to leadership positions in the social democratic movement of their respective country: Karl Kautsky, Eduard Bernstein, Rosa Luxemburg, Victor Adler, Jean Jaures, Jules Guesde, Georgij V. Plechanow, Wladimir I. Lenin und Pjotr B. Struve. It is the aim of this study to probe the obvious but little explored nexus between world appropriation and worldview. Inspired by the observation that all protagonists by their mid-thirties had achieved a leading position within their party or movement and had published some of their most influential texts, my analysis focuses on the individual socialization into Marxism up until adulthood. It will mainly discuss whether and in which ways the individual mode of world appropriation (i.e. inductive-deductive, flexible-rigid, spontaneous-deliberate) shaped and determined a political world view and the methods and means of political practice. Which connection existed, after all, between a 'sense of reality' (Isaiah Berlin) and what one could call political temper - is it reasonable to claim, for example: the more theoretical the head, the more radical the hand?