Fruit to the Country - Development of Rural Areas via Administrative Horticultural Tansfer in the Kingdom of Hanover through the period from 1815 to 1866

“水果到国家”。继续进行正在进行的项目“Amtshausgärten”（地方长官所在地的花园）该项目考察了1815年至1866年期间汉诺威王国园艺和果树栽培的发展。在政府行政的支持下，园林文化成为乡村发展的重要工具。我们的调查集中在两个方面：（一）我们分析了自19世纪30年代以来改革制度的实施和效率，（二）我们确定和评估的行为者，他们的网络和他们的影响园艺转移。前一个项目和仍在进行的项目探讨了1770年开始的持续60年的国家资助系统的第一阶段。我们研究了赫伦豪森的中央苗圃，果树在全国范围内的系统分布，我们还研究了地方长官所在地周围的花园，在那里种植的树木是为了指导当地居民，也可能是为了让总督高兴。我们对18世纪后半叶汉诺威地区的园艺艺术有了新的认识。新项目将探讨发展的下一步（1815-1866），其特点是进一步的权力下放。建立了当地苗圃，在公共场所种植果树供展示和指导，并提供园艺培训。新的制度更多地依赖地方的主动性和权威，这就是为什么我们必须考虑地方行为者、他们的责任范围及其影响。农业协会和园艺协会等园艺俱乐部发挥着特殊作用，国家当局和民间社会在这些俱乐部中密切接触。到目前为止，有关19世纪后半叶德国果树业发展的出版物仅以当代文献为基础。在我们的项目中，我们将探索公共行政保存的丰富档案材料，从而开辟新的研究领域。我们将在三个层面上这样做：首先是对活动和参与者进行全州范围的定量分析。其次是对希尔德斯海姆地区的分析，我们将尝试在区域范围内重建和比较各种工具和专业网络。第三，我们将在地方层面上进行几个定性案例研究，以展示该系统如何在各种情况下工作。

'Fruit to the Country'. Continuation of the ongoing project 'Amtshausgärten' (Gardens at the seats of local governors)The project examines the development of horti- and pomiculture in the Kingdom of Hanover through the period from 1815 to 1866. Supported by government administration, garden culture became an essential tool for the development of rural areas. Our investigation focuses on two aspects: (I) we analyze the implementation and efficiency of the reformed system since the 1830s, and (II) we identify and evaluate the actors, their networks and their influence on the horticultural transfer. The preceding and still ongoing project explores the sixty-year-lasting first period of the state funded system initiated in 1770. We study the central tree nursery in Herrenhausen, the countrywide systematic distribution of fruit trees and we look at the gardens around the seats of local governors, where a choice of the trees was planted for instruction of the local population and, presumably, for the governor's pleasure. We won essential new insights on the state of the art of horticulture in the Hanover-territory in the second half of the 18th Century. The new project will explore the next step (1815-1866) in the development, characterized by a further decentralization. Local tree nurseries were established, fruit trees were planted in public spaces for display and instruction, training in horticulture was offered. The new system relied much more on local initiative and authority, which is why we have to look at local actors, their span of responsibilities and their impact. A special role is played by garden clubs, like the Agricultural Society and the Horticultural Society, where state authority and civil society came into close contact. Up to now, publications on the development of pomiculture in Germany in the second half of the 19th Century are based on contemporary literature only. In our project, we will explore the rich archival materials preserved by public administration and thus open up new field of research. We will do this on three levels: First comes a state-wide quantitative analysis of activities and actors. Second comes an analysis of the district of Hildesheim, where we will try to reconstitute and compare the various instruments and professional networks on a regional scale. Third, we will do several qualitative case studies on a local level, to demonstrate how the system worked in a variety of circumstances.