Doctoral Dissertation Research: Urban Government and Residential Segregation in Brazil

历史上，拉丁美洲的城市在社区之间表现出高度的阶级隔离。自20世纪80年代中期以来，该地区国家的财富不平等加剧，犯罪率飙升，导致了居住环境的变化，比如封闭社区在该地区城市的蔓延。尽管有区域趋势，但地方政府对居住隔离的倾向存在相当大的差异。然而，最近关于拉丁美洲城市隔离的研究集中于市场力量的作用--特别是土地市场自由化的影响--以及诸如经济结构调整等更广泛的外生现象在形成隔离方面的作用。因此，市政府在形成该地区城市隔离方面的作用尚未得到很好的分析。本研究探讨了以下问题：城市政府对阶级隔离模式有何影响？论文的第一部分是定量分析，使用巴西人口普查数据，政府结构和政策如何影响居住阶级隔离。第二部分是对巴西里约热内卢、累西腓、阿雷格里港和福塔莱萨四个城市的精英社区进行深入比较。将分析档案和访谈数据，以追踪这些城市的地方政府自20世纪80年代中期以来对空间隔离模式产生的影响（无论是通过国家行动还是不作为）。该项目的主要重点是种族隔离的阶级层面，与基于种族的种族隔离相比，这方面的实证关注较少。这项关于城市治理如何影响拉丁美洲社会经济隔离的研究具有超出该地区本身的意义。在理论层面上，研究城市政府如何塑造隔离将阐明国家在不平等的空间维度上的作用（即，延续或减轻）。这项研究还可能揭示过去二十年中所采取的政策选择的范围及其具体后果。

Alejandro PortesAdrianna AbdenurPrinceton UniversityLatin American cities historically have exhibited high levels of class segregation between neighborhoods. Since the mid-1980s, countries in the region has an increase in wealth inequality and soaring crime rates that have produced residential changes like the spread of gated communities in cities across the region. Despite regional trends there has been considerable variation in the orientation of local governments towards residential segregation. Yet, however, recent research on urban segregation in Latin America has focused on the role of market forces -- particularly the effects of liberalized land markets -- and broader exogenous phenomena such as economic restructuring in shaping segregation. As a result, the role of city government in shaping urban segregation in the region has not been well analyzed. This research examines the following question: What impact have city governments had on patterns of class segregation? The first part of the dissertation is a quantitative analysis, using Brazilian census data, of how government structure and policy impacts residential class segregation. The second part is an in-depth comparison of elite neighborhoods in four cities -- Rio de Janeiro, Recife, Porto Alegre, and Fortaleza. Archival and interview data will be analyzed to trace the impact that these cities' local governments have had (whether through state action or omission) on the production of spatial segregation patterns since the mid-1980s. The primary focus of the project is on the class dimension of segregation, which has received less empirical attention than race-based segregation. This study of how urban governance impacts socioeconomic segregation in Latin America has implications beyond the region itself. At a theoretical level, examining how city governments shape segregation will elucidate the role of the state (i.e., perpetuating or alleviating) in the spatial dimensions of inequality. The study could also potentially shed light on the range of policy alternatives pursued over the past twenty years as well as their concrete consequences.